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ANPH 209 > Chapter 5 Integumentary system > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Integumentary system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the integumentary system?

A

Organs that include skin, hair, nails, sudoriferous glands, and sebaceous glands

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2
Q

What is dermatology?

A

The medical specialty for the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the integumentary system

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3
Q

What are the two types of skin?

A
  1. Thin (hairy) skin
  2. Thick (hairless) skin
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4
Q

What is Thin (hairy) skin?

A

Covers all body regions except the palms, palmer surfaces of digits, and soles

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5
Q

What is thick (hairless) skin

A

Covers the palms, palmer surfaces of digits, and soles

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6
Q

What are the functions of the skin?

A
  1. regulate body temperature
  2. blood reservoir
  3. protection
  4. cutaneous sensations
  5. excretion and absorption
  6. synthesis of vitamin D
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7
Q

What is the cutaneous membrane?

A

The skin which covers the body and is the largest organ of the body by surface area and weight

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8
Q

What are the major layers of the skin?

A
  1. Outer
  2. Inner
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9
Q

What is the outer layer of the skin?

A

Called the epidermis, which consists of epithelial tissue and is the thinner layer

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10
Q

What is the inner layer?

A

Thicker layer called the dermis

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11
Q

What is the subcutaneous (sub Q) layer?

A

Also called the hypodermis and is located underneath the dermis.

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12
Q

What does the subcutaneous layer do?

A

Attaches the skin to the underlying tissues and organs

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13
Q

What is the epidermis composition?

A

Four layers of thin skin and five layers of thick skin

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14
Q

What are the layers of the epidermis?

A
  1. Stratum Basale
  2. Stratum Spinosum
  3. Stratum Granulosum
  4. Stratum lucidum
  5. Stratum Corneum
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15
Q

What is the Stratum Basale?

A

Deepest layer of the epidermis where continuous cell division occurs which produces all the other layers

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16
Q

What is the Stratum Spinosum?

A

The layer of the epidermis where 8-10 layers of keratinocytes occur

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17
Q

What is the Stratum Granulosum?

A

Area of the epidermis which includes the keratohyalin and lamellar granules

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18
Q

What is the Stratum Lucidum?

A

Area of the epidermis present only in thick skin (the skin of the fingertips, palms, and soles)

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19
Q

What is the stratum corneum?

A

Area of the epidermis composed of many sublayers of flat, dead keratinocytes that are continuously shed and replaced by cells from a deeper strata

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20
Q

What are keratinocytes?

A

90% of the cells which produce keratin which is a tough fibrous protein that provides protection

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21
Q

What are Melanocytes?

A

Produce the pigment melanin that protects against damage by ultraviolet radiation, found in the deepest layers of the epidermis

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22
Q

What are Langerhans Cells?

A

Cells found in the epidermis which are involved in immune response and arise from red bone marrow

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23
Q

What are Merkel Cells?

A

Cells found in the epidermis which function in the sensation of touch along with the adjacent tactile discs

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24
Q

What is keratinization?

A

Accumulation of more and more protective keratin, which occurs as cells move from the deepest layer to the surface layer.

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25
Q

What is dandruff?

A

An excess of keratinized cells shed from the scalp

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26
Q

What are characteristics of the dermis?

A

Composed of connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibers

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27
Q

What are the two layers of the dermis?

A
  1. Papillary region
  2. Reticular layer
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28
Q

What is the papillary region?

A

Superficial layer of the dermis which consists of connective tissue containing thin collagen and elastic fibers, projections called papillae which forms a distinct patter (fingerprints).

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29
Q

What is the reticular layer?

A

Layer of the dermis which consists of dense irregular connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibers, adipose cells, hair follicles, nerves, sebaceous (oil) glands, and sudoriferous (sweat) glands

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30
Q

What is the structural basis of skin color?

A

Based on variations in the amount of three pigments
1. melanin
2. carotene
3. hemoglobin

31
Q

What is melanin?

A

A yellow- red or brown-black pigment produced by melanocytes

32
Q

Where are the melanocytes located?

A

Mostly in the epidermis, where it absorbs UV radiation

33
Q

What does the melanin do in terms of skin color?

A

causes the skin color to vary from pale yellow to red to tan to back

34
Q

Are the amount of melanocytes the same in everyone?

A

Yes, they are about the same. However, Differences in skin color is due to the amount pigment produced

35
Q

What is carotene?

A

A yellow-orange pigment found in vegetables and builds up in the stratum corneum and fatty areas of the dermis

36
Q

What are Hemoglobin?

A

reddish pigment in the red blood cells, not in skin cells.

37
Q

What is the color of oxygenated blood?

A

Pinkish color

38
Q

What is the color of deoxygenated blood?

A

Blue color

39
Q

What is albinism?

A

An inherited inability to produce melanin

40
Q

What is vitiligo?

A

Partial or complete loss of melanocytes from patches of skin

41
Q

What is carotene?

A

Yellow-orange pigment, usually found in the stratum corneum, dermis, and subcutaneous layer

42
Q

What is hair?

A

present on most surfaces except the palms, anterior surfaces of fingers, the soles of the feet and toes, nipples and some areas of genitalia.

43
Q

What is hair composed of?

A

Dead, keratinized epidermal cells, genetics determines thickness and distribution.

44
Q

What is hair also called?

A

Pili

45
Q

What is the main function of hair?

A

protection. Hair also helps with touch sensation and protects the body against the harmful effects of the sun and against heat loss.

46
Q

What are the two main groups of exocrine glands?

A
  1. Sebaceous (oil) glands
  2. Sudoriferous (sweat) glands
47
Q

Between the two main exocrine glands which are connected to hair follicles and which are found in the dermal region of the skin

A

Sebaceous are connected to the hair follicles and sudoriferous glands are found in the dermal region of the skin

48
Q

What are the two types of sweat glands?

A
  1. Eccrine sweat glands
  2. Apocrine sweat glands
49
Q

What are the eccrine sweat glands?

A

Most numerous and secrete a watery solution that helps cool the body and eliminates small amounts of waste

50
Q

What are the Apocrine sweat glands?

A

Located mainly in the skin of the axilla, groin, areole, and bearded facial regions of adult males. They secrete slightly viscous sweat

51
Q

What causes the eccrine sweat glands to release sweat?

A

Emotional stress such as fear or embarrassment. (cold sweat)

52
Q

What causes the apocrine sweat glands to release sweat?

A

emotional stress and sexual excitement. Much of the body odor is due to apocrine sweat.

53
Q

What are ceruminous glands?

A

modified sweat glands located in the ear canal, which are involved in producing a waxy secretion called cerumen (earwax) which provides a sticky barrier that prevents entry of foreign bodies into the ear canal.

54
Q

What are nails?

A

Composed of hard, keratinized epidermal cells located over the dorsal surfaces of the ends of the fingers and toes.

55
Q

What are nail structures?

A

Free edge (white part) and nail root (embedded in the fold of skin)

56
Q

two kinds of wound healing processes can occur depend on the depth of injury, what are they?

A
  1. Epidermal wound healing
  2. Deep wound healing
57
Q

What is epidermal wound healing?

A

Occurs following superficial wounds that affect only the epidermis (return to normal function rule)

58
Q

What is deep wound healing?

A

Occurs when an injury extends to the dermis and subcutaneous layer. (loss of some function and development of scar tissue is the rule)

59
Q

What are the four phases of wound healing?

A
  1. inflammation
  2. migration
  3. proliferative phase
  4. maturation phase
60
Q

What is inflammation?

A

Blood clot forms in wound and loosely unites wound edges. Vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels enhance delivery of helpful cells

61
Q

What is migration?

A

Clot becomes scab, fibroblasts migrate along fibrin threads and synthesize scar tissue

62
Q

What is proliferative phase?

A

Extensive growth of epithelial cells beneath scab and deposition of fibroblasts of collagen fibers

63
Q

What is maturation?

A

Scab sloughs off once epidermis has restored to normal thickness

64
Q

What is a burn?

A

When tissue is damaged by excessive heat, electricity, radioactivity, or corrosive chemicals that denature (break down) the proteins in the skin cells

65
Q

What does burns do to homeostasis?

A

destroys skins important contributions to homeostasis- protection against microbial invasion and desiccation, and thermoregulation

66
Q

How are burns graded?

A

According to their severity

67
Q

What is a first degree burn?

A

involves only the epidermis.

68
Q

How is a first degree burn characterized?

A

mild pain and erythema (redness) but no blisters on skin and functions remain intact

69
Q

What is a second degree burn?

A

Destroys the epidermis and part of the dermis- some skin functions are lost.

70
Q

What are characterizations of second degree burns?

A

Redness, blister formation, edema, and pain result

71
Q

What is a third degree burn?

A

full thickness burn (destroys the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer)

72
Q

What are the characterizations of a third degree burn?

A

Most skin functions are lost, and the region is numb because sensory nerve endings have been destroyed

73
Q

What is considered a major burn?

A
  1. 3rd degree over 10% of body surface area
  2. 2nd degree over 25% of the body surface area
  3. 3rd degree burns on the face, hands, feet, or perineum (which includes anal and urogenital regions)

ANPH 209 (22 decks)

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