Chapter 1 Flashcards
What are the two branches of science that deal with body parts and functions?
Anatomy and physiology
What is Anatomy?
The science of body structures and relationships among them.
What is physiology
The science of body functions- how body parts work
What is Embryology?
The first eight weeks of development rolling fertilization of an egg
What is developmental biology?
The complete development of an individual from fertilization of an egg to death
What is cell biology?
Cellular structure and functions
What is histology?
Microscopic structure of tissues
What is surface anatomy?
Surface markings of the body to understand internal anatomy through visualization and palpating
What is gross anatomy?
Structures that can be examined without using a microscope
What is systemic anatomy?
Structure of specific systems of the body such as the nervous or respiratory systems
What is regional anatomy?
Specific regions of the body such as the head or chest
What is radiologic anatomy?
Body structures that can be visualized with X-rays
What is pathological anatomy?
Structural changes associated with disease
What is neurophysiology?
Functional properties of nerve cells
What is endocrinology
Hormones and how they control the body functions
What is cardiovascular physiology?
Functions of the heart and blood vessels
What is immunology?
How the body defends itself against disease causing agents
What is respiratory physiology?
Functions of the air passageways and lungs
What is renal physiology
Functions of the kidneys
What is exercise physiology?
Changes in cell and organ functions as a result of muscular activity.
What is pathophysiology?
Functional changes associated with disease and aging
What does structure of a body do?
Allows for the body to perform certain functions
Structure and _____ of the body are closely related
Function
What are the levels of structural organization?
- Chemical level
- Cellular level
- Tissue level
- Organ level
- System level
- Organism level
What are the 6 basic life processes for life
- Metabolism
- Responsiveness
- Movement
- Growth
- Differentiation
- Reproduction
What is homeostasis?
A condition of equilibrium in the body’s internal environment
What are body fluids?
Defined as dilute, watery solutions containing dissolved chemicals inside or outside the cell
What is intracellular fluid (ICF)
Fluid within the cells
What is extra cellular fluid (ECF)
Fluid outside cells
What is Interstitial fluid
ECF between cells and tissues
How do we maintain homeostasis in the body?
Maintaining the volume and composition of body fluids
What is blood Plasma
ECF (extracellular fluid) of the blood. Makes up 55% of blood
What is lymph
ECF within lymphatic vessels
What is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
ECF in the brain and spinal cord
What is synovial fluid?
ECF in joints
What is aqueous humour and vitreous body
ECF in eyes
How is Homeostasis disrupted
- Physical insults
- Changes in the internal environment
- Physiological stress
- Disruptions
What is an example of physical insults disrupting homeostasis?
Intense heat or lack of oxygen
What is an example of changes in the internal environment disrupting homeostasis?
Drop in blood glucose due to lack of food
What is an example of physiological stress disrupting homeostasis?
Work or school stress
What is an example of disruptions against homeostasis?
Mild and temporary (balance is quickly restored)
Intense and prolonged (poisoning or severe infections)
What is feed back systems?
Cycle of events
- body is monitored and re-monitored
- each monitored variable is termed a controlled condition
What are 3 basic components of a feedback system?
- Receptor
- Control Center
- Effector
What is a negative feedback system?
Reverses a change in a controlled condition
-regulation of blood pressure (force exerted by blood as it presses against the wall off the blood vessels)
Positive feedback system
Strength or reinforce a change in one of the body’s controlled conditions
What is a example of a positive feedback loop
Normal Childbirth
What is a example of negative feedback loop
Blood pressure
External or internal stimulus
Baroreceptors (pressure sensitive receptions)
1. Detect higher BP
2. Send nurve pulse to brain for interpretation
3. Response sent via nerve impulse to heart and blood vessels
4.BP drops and homeostasis is restored
5. Drop in BP negates the original stimulus
What is an example if positive feedback systems
Normal child birth
- Uterine contractions cause vagina to open
- Stretch-sensitive receptors in crevice send impulses to the brain
- Oxytocin is released into the blood
- Contractions enhanced and baby pushes farther down the uterus
- Cycle continues to the birth of the baby
Positive feedback: blood loss what’s normal conditions like?
Normal condition, heart pumps blood under pressure to body cells (oxygen and nutrients)
Positive feedback: blood loss.
What happens in severe blood loss?
Severe blood loss
-blood pressure drops
-cells received less oxygen and function less efficiently
-If Blood Loss continues
-Heart cells become weaker
-heart doesn’t pump
-BP continues to fall
What is homeostatic imbalances?
When normal equilibrium of body processes is disrupted
What causes moderate homeostatic imbalance?
- Disorder or abnormality of structure and function
- Disease specific for illness with recognizable signs and symptoms
What are signs of homeostatic imbalances
Objective changes such as fever or swelling
What are symptoms of moderate imbalances
Subjective changes such as headaches
What is a severe homeostatic imbalance
Death
What are body cavities?
Spaces within the body that help protect, separate and support internal organs
What are 3 kinds of body cavities
- Cranial
- Thoracic
- Abdominopelvic cavity
-abdominal and pelvic cavity
What is the cranial cavity?
Formed by the cranial bones and protects the brain
What is the vertebral canal
Formed by bones of vertebral column and protects spinal cord
What are meninges
Layers of protective tissues that line the cranial cavity and vertebral canal
What is the thoracic Cavity
Also called the chest cavity.
What forms the thoracic Cavity
- Ribs
- Muscles in the chest
- Vertebral column
What is the pericardial cavity
Fluid filled space that surrounds the heart
What is the pleural cavity
Two fluid filled spaces that surround each lung
What is the abdominopelvic cavity
Extends from the diaphragm to the groin and encircled by the abdominal walls and bones and muscles of the pelvis
What is the abdominal cavity?
Stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small and large intestines
What is the pelvic cavity
Urinary bladder, internal organs of reproduction system and portions of the large intestines
What is the serous membrane
A thin, slippery, double layered membrane, which covers viscera of the thoracic and abdominal pelvic cavities and the lines the walls of the thorax and abdomen
What are the two parts of the serous membrane?
- Parietal Layer
- Visceral Layer
What is the parietal layer?
Lines the wall of the cavities
What is the visceral layer?
Covers the viscera within the cavities
What is the pleura?
Serous membrane of the pleurae cavities. Visceral pleura clings to surface of lungs and the parietal pleura lines the chest walls
What is the pericardium?
Serous membrane of the pericardial cavity. Visceral pericardium covers the heart and the parietal pericardium lines the chest walls
What is the peritoneum?
Serous membrane of the abdominal cavity. Visceral peritoneum covers the abdominal cavity. Parietal peritoneum lines the abdominal wall
Examples of smaller cavities
Oral (mouth), nasal cavity, orbital cavities (eyeballs), middle ear cavities, synovial cavities (joints)
