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ANPH 209 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two branches of science that deal with body parts and functions?

A

Anatomy and physiology

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2
Q

What is Anatomy?

A

The science of body structures and relationships among them.

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3
Q

What is physiology

A

The science of body functions- how body parts work

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4
Q

What is Embryology?

A

The first eight weeks of development rolling fertilization of an egg

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5
Q

What is developmental biology?

A

The complete development of an individual from fertilization of an egg to death

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6
Q

What is cell biology?

A

Cellular structure and functions

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7
Q

What is histology?

A

Microscopic structure of tissues

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8
Q

What is surface anatomy?

A

Surface markings of the body to understand internal anatomy through visualization and palpating

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9
Q

What is gross anatomy?

A

Structures that can be examined without using a microscope

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10
Q

What is systemic anatomy?

A

Structure of specific systems of the body such as the nervous or respiratory systems

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11
Q

What is regional anatomy?

A

Specific regions of the body such as the head or chest

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12
Q

What is radiologic anatomy?

A

Body structures that can be visualized with X-rays

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13
Q

What is pathological anatomy?

A

Structural changes associated with disease

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14
Q

What is neurophysiology?

A

Functional properties of nerve cells

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15
Q

What is endocrinology

A

Hormones and how they control the body functions

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16
Q

What is cardiovascular physiology?

A

Functions of the heart and blood vessels

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17
Q

What is immunology?

A

How the body defends itself against disease causing agents

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18
Q

What is respiratory physiology?

A

Functions of the air passageways and lungs

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19
Q

What is renal physiology

A

Functions of the kidneys

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20
Q

What is exercise physiology?

A

Changes in cell and organ functions as a result of muscular activity.

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21
Q

What is pathophysiology?

A

Functional changes associated with disease and aging

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22
Q

What does structure of a body do?

A

Allows for the body to perform certain functions

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23
Q

Structure and _____ of the body are closely related

A

Function

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24
Q

What are the levels of structural organization?

A
  1. Chemical level
  2. Cellular level
  3. Tissue level
  4. Organ level
  5. System level
  6. Organism level
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25
Q

What are the 6 basic life processes for life

A
  1. Metabolism
  2. Responsiveness
  3. Movement
  4. Growth
  5. Differentiation
  6. Reproduction
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26
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

A condition of equilibrium in the body’s internal environment

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27
Q

What are body fluids?

A

Defined as dilute, watery solutions containing dissolved chemicals inside or outside the cell

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28
Q

What is intracellular fluid (ICF)

A

Fluid within the cells

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29
Q

What is extra cellular fluid (ECF)

A

Fluid outside cells

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30
Q

What is Interstitial fluid

A

ECF between cells and tissues

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31
Q

How do we maintain homeostasis in the body?

A

Maintaining the volume and composition of body fluids

32
Q

What is blood Plasma

A

ECF (extracellular fluid) of the blood. Makes up 55% of blood

33
Q

What is lymph

A

ECF within lymphatic vessels

34
Q

What is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

ECF in the brain and spinal cord

35
Q

What is synovial fluid?

A

ECF in joints

36
Q

What is aqueous humour and vitreous body

A

ECF in eyes

37
Q

How is Homeostasis disrupted

A
  1. Physical insults
  2. Changes in the internal environment
  3. Physiological stress
  4. Disruptions
38
Q

What is an example of physical insults disrupting homeostasis?

A

Intense heat or lack of oxygen

39
Q

What is an example of changes in the internal environment disrupting homeostasis?

A

Drop in blood glucose due to lack of food

40
Q

What is an example of physiological stress disrupting homeostasis?

A

Work or school stress

41
Q

What is an example of disruptions against homeostasis?

A

Mild and temporary (balance is quickly restored)
Intense and prolonged (poisoning or severe infections)

42
Q

What is feed back systems?

A

Cycle of events
- body is monitored and re-monitored
- each monitored variable is termed a controlled condition

43
Q

What are 3 basic components of a feedback system?

A
  1. Receptor
  2. Control Center
  3. Effector
44
Q

What is a negative feedback system?

A

Reverses a change in a controlled condition
-regulation of blood pressure (force exerted by blood as it presses against the wall off the blood vessels)

45
Q

Positive feedback system

A

Strength or reinforce a change in one of the body’s controlled conditions

46
Q

What is a example of a positive feedback loop

A

Normal Childbirth

47
Q

What is a example of negative feedback loop

A

Blood pressure

External or internal stimulus
Baroreceptors (pressure sensitive receptions)
1. Detect higher BP
2. Send nurve pulse to brain for interpretation
3. Response sent via nerve impulse to heart and blood vessels
4.BP drops and homeostasis is restored
5. Drop in BP negates the original stimulus

48
Q

What is an example if positive feedback systems

A

Normal child birth

  1. Uterine contractions cause vagina to open
  2. Stretch-sensitive receptors in crevice send impulses to the brain
  3. Oxytocin is released into the blood
  4. Contractions enhanced and baby pushes farther down the uterus
  5. Cycle continues to the birth of the baby
49
Q

Positive feedback: blood loss what’s normal conditions like?

A

Normal condition, heart pumps blood under pressure to body cells (oxygen and nutrients)

50
Q

Positive feedback: blood loss.
What happens in severe blood loss?

A

Severe blood loss
-blood pressure drops
-cells received less oxygen and function less efficiently
-If Blood Loss continues
-Heart cells become weaker
-heart doesn’t pump
-BP continues to fall

51
Q

What is homeostatic imbalances?

A

When normal equilibrium of body processes is disrupted

52
Q

What causes moderate homeostatic imbalance?

A
  1. Disorder or abnormality of structure and function
  2. Disease specific for illness with recognizable signs and symptoms
53
Q

What are signs of homeostatic imbalances

A

Objective changes such as fever or swelling

54
Q

What are symptoms of moderate imbalances

A

Subjective changes such as headaches

55
Q

What is a severe homeostatic imbalance

A

Death

56
Q

What are body cavities?

A

Spaces within the body that help protect, separate and support internal organs

57
Q

What are 3 kinds of body cavities

A
  1. Cranial
  2. Thoracic
  3. Abdominopelvic cavity
    -abdominal and pelvic cavity
58
Q

What is the cranial cavity?

A

Formed by the cranial bones and protects the brain

59
Q

What is the vertebral canal

A

Formed by bones of vertebral column and protects spinal cord

60
Q

What are meninges

A

Layers of protective tissues that line the cranial cavity and vertebral canal

61
Q

What is the thoracic Cavity

A

Also called the chest cavity.

62
Q

What forms the thoracic Cavity

A
  1. Ribs
  2. Muscles in the chest
  3. Vertebral column
63
Q

What is the pericardial cavity

A

Fluid filled space that surrounds the heart

64
Q

What is the pleural cavity

A

Two fluid filled spaces that surround each lung

65
Q

What is the abdominopelvic cavity

A

Extends from the diaphragm to the groin and encircled by the abdominal walls and bones and muscles of the pelvis

66
Q

What is the abdominal cavity?

A

Stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small and large intestines

67
Q

What is the pelvic cavity

A

Urinary bladder, internal organs of reproduction system and portions of the large intestines

68
Q

What is the serous membrane

A

A thin, slippery, double layered membrane, which covers viscera of the thoracic and abdominal pelvic cavities and the lines the walls of the thorax and abdomen

69
Q

What are the two parts of the serous membrane?

A
  1. Parietal Layer
  2. Visceral Layer
70
Q

What is the parietal layer?

A

Lines the wall of the cavities

71
Q

What is the visceral layer?

A

Covers the viscera within the cavities

72
Q

What is the pleura?

A

Serous membrane of the pleurae cavities. Visceral pleura clings to surface of lungs and the parietal pleura lines the chest walls

73
Q

What is the pericardium?

A

Serous membrane of the pericardial cavity. Visceral pericardium covers the heart and the parietal pericardium lines the chest walls

74
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

Serous membrane of the abdominal cavity. Visceral peritoneum covers the abdominal cavity. Parietal peritoneum lines the abdominal wall

75
Q

Examples of smaller cavities

A

Oral (mouth), nasal cavity, orbital cavities (eyeballs), middle ear cavities, synovial cavities (joints)

ANPH 209 (22 decks)

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