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ANPH 209 > Chapter 12 nervous tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 12 nervous tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What is the CNS?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

What is the PNS?

A
  1. cranial nerves
  2. spinal nerves
  3. Enteric plexuses in small intestine
  4. sensory receptors in skin
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3
Q

What is the sensory function of the nervous system?

A

Detect changes through sensory receptors

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4
Q

What is the integrative function of the nervous system?

A

Analyze incoming sensory information, store some aspects, and make decisions regarding appropriate behaviors

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5
Q

What is the motor functions of the nervous system?

A

Respond to stimuli via effectors

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6
Q

What are some aspects of neurons?

A
  1. electrically excitable
  2. nerve impulse is called action potential
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7
Q

What are the cellular structures of the neuron ?

A
  1. cell body
  2. dendrites
  3. axon
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8
Q

Neurons can be classified based on the number of what?

A

Processes extending from the cell body

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9
Q

Neurons can be classified based on what?

A

Direction of nerve impulse propagation

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10
Q

What are three types of neurons?

A
  1. sensory/ afferent neurons
  2. Motor/ efferent neurons
  3. Interneurons/ association neurons
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11
Q

What does the sensory/ afferent neurons do?

A

Conveys information to the CNS

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12
Q

What do Motor/ efferent neurons do?

A

Convey action potential from the CNS

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13
Q

What does interneurons/ association neurons do?

A

Process sensory information and elicit motor response

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14
Q

What are neuroglia?

A
  1. not electrically excitable
  2. make up about half the volume of the nervous system
  3. can multiply and divide
  4. 6 kinds total (4 in CNS, 2 in PNS)
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15
Q

Electrical cells communicate with each other how?

A

Action potentials or graded potentials

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16
Q

Action potentials allow communications over what kind of distances?

A

Short and long distances

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17
Q

Graded potentials allow for communications over what distance?

A

Short distance only

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18
Q

Production of an AP or GP depends on what ?

A

The existence of a resting membrane potential and the existence of certain ion channels

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19
Q

What are leak channels?

A

They alternate between open and closed

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20
Q

Between K channels and Na channels which one is more numerous?

A

K are more numerous than Na+ channels

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21
Q

What are ligand-gated channels?

A

Channels that respond to chemical stimuli (ligand binds to receptor)

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22
Q

Mechanically gated channels respond to what?

A

Mechanical or pressure stimuli

23
Q

Voltage gated channels respond to what?

A

Direct changes in membrane potential

24
Q

Where are leak channels located?

A

Nearly all cells, and dendrites, cells bodies, and axons of all types of neurons

25
Q

Where are ligand- gated channels located?

A

Dendrites of some sensory neurons such as pain receptors and dendrites and cell bodies of interneurons and motor neurons

26
Q

Where are mechanically gated channels located?

A

Dendrites of some sensory neurons such as touch receptors, pressure receptors, and some pain receptors

27
Q

Where are voltage-gated channels located?

A

Axons of all types of neurons

28
Q

What happens during resting membrane potential

A

Electrical potential between the extracellular fluid and the cytosol is the same

29
Q

What are action potentials?

A

sequence of rapidly occurring events that decrease and eventually reverse the membrane potential and eventually restore it to the resting state

30
Q

What are the two phases of action potentials?

A
  1. depolarization
  2. Repolarization
31
Q

What is the depolarizing phase?

A

When membrane potential of axon reaches threshold, the NA channel activation gates open. As Na ions move through these channels into the neuron, a buildup of positive charges forms along inside surface of membrane and the membrane becomes depolarized

32
Q

What is the repolarizing phase?

A

Na channel inactivation gates close and K channels open. The membrane starts to become repolarized as some K ions leave the neuron and a few negative charges begin to build up along the inside surface of the membrane

33
Q

Where does graded potentials originate?

A

Mainly in dendrites of cell bodies

34
Q

What types of channels do graded potentials have?

A

ligand-gated or mechanically gated ion channels

35
Q

What kind of conduction does graded potentials have?

A

Decremental, permit communication over short distances

36
Q

What does the amplitude of graded potentials look?

A

Depending on strength of stimulus, varies from less then 1mv to more then 50 mv

37
Q

What is the duration of graded potentials?

A

typically longer, ranging from several milliseconds to several minutes

38
Q

What is the polarity of graded potentials?

A

May be hyperpolarizing or depolarizing

39
Q

What is the refractory period of graded potentials?

A

Not present; summation can occur

40
Q

What is origin of nerve impulses?

A

Arise at trigger zones and propagate along axon

41
Q

What are the types of channels in nerve impulses?

A

Voltage gated channels for Na+ and K+

42
Q

What is the conduction of nerve impulses?

A

Propagate and thus permit communication over longer distances

43
Q

What is the amplitude of nerve impulses?

A

All or none; typically about 100mv

44
Q

What is the duration of nerve impulses?

A

Shorter, ranging from 0.5 to 2 msec

45
Q

What is the polarity of nerve impulses?

A

Always consist of depolarizing phases followed by repolarizing phase and return to resting potential

46
Q

What is the refractory period of nerve impulses?

A

Present; summation cannot occur

47
Q

In order for communication to occur from one body part to another what must happen?

A

Action potentials must travel from where they arise at the trigger zone to the axon terminals

48
Q

Action potentials do not die out, why?

A

They keep their strength as they spread across the membrane of a neuron

49
Q

What affects propagation speed?

A
  1. Axon diameter
  2. amount of myelination
  3. temperature
50
Q

A synapse is the junction between what?

A

Neurons or between neuron and an effector

51
Q

What is an electrical synapse?

A

They are gap junctions which connect cells and allow the transfer of information to synchronize the activity of a group of cells

52
Q

What is a chemical synapse?

A

One way transfer of information from a presynaptic neuron to a post synaptic neuron

53
Q

What are some small molecule neurotransmitter?

A
  1. Acetylcholine
  2. Biogenic amines
54
Q

What are three types of biogenic amines?

A
  1. Norepinephrine
  2. Dopamine
  3. Serotonin

ANPH 209 (22 decks)

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