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ANPH 209 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is an Ion? And how are they written?

A

An atom that gave up or gained an electron. written with the chemical symbol and (+) or (-) indicating its charge

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2
Q

What is a molecule? And how are they written?

A

Molecules are formed when atoms share electrons. And they are written as a molecular formula showing the number of atoms of each element (H2O)

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3
Q

What are chemical bonds?

A

The force of attraction that holds atoms of a molecule together

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4
Q

What is a valence shell?

A

The number of electrons in its outermost shell

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5
Q

How does a atom decide how it will bond with another atom?

A

The likelihood that an atom will form a chemical bond with anther atom depends on the number of electrons in its outermost shell

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6
Q

What are other types of chemical bonds?

A
  1. Ionic bonds
  2. Covalent Bonds
  3. Hydrogen Bonds
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7
Q

What is a ionic bond?

A

When an atom loses or gains a valence electron, ions are formed

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8
Q

What kind of charged ions are attracted to each other?

A

Positively charged ions and negatively charged ions are attracted to one another

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9
Q

What is Cation?

A

Positively charged ions that have given up one or more elections (electron donors)

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10
Q

What is a Anion?

A

negatively charged ions that have picked up one ore more electrons that another atom has lost (electron acceptors)

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11
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

Covalent bonds are formed by the atoms of molecules sharing one, two, or three pairs of their valence electrons

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12
Q

What kind of bonds are the strongest chemical bonds in the body?

A

Covalent bonds

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13
Q

Can covalent bonds be nonpolar and polar?

A

Yes, in a nonpolar covalent bond, atoms share the electrons equally; one atom does not attract the shared electrons more strongly than the other atom

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14
Q

What is a polar covalent bond?

A

Formed by the unequal sharing of electrons between atoms

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15
Q

What is a example of a polar covalent bond?

A

Water molecules.

In a water molecule, oxygen attracts the hydrogen electrons more strongly. Oxygen has greater electronegative as indicated by the negative Greek delta sign

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16
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

A weak bond between two molecules resulting from an electrostatic attraction between a proton in one molecule and a electronegative atom in the other

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17
Q

Are hydrogen bonds as strong as covalent bonds?

A

They are approximately 5% as strong

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18
Q

What are inorganic compounds?

A

Structurally simple molecules that usually lack carbon

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19
Q

What are organic compounds?

A

Molecules that
1. Always contain carbon
2. always have covalent bonds
3. usually contain hydrogen
4. usually are large molecules

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20
Q

What is the most important and abundant inorganic compound in all living systems?

A

Water

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21
Q

What is waters most important property?

A

The polarity of the water, which enables reactants to collide to form products

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22
Q

What is a Solvent?

A

In a solution the solvent dissolves in the solute

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23
Q

What does hydrophilic mean?

A

When substances which contain polar covalent bonds and dissolve in water

24
Q

What does hydrophobic mean?

A

substance which contain non-polar covalent bonds

25
Q

Is waters heat capacity high or low?

A

it is high, It can absorb or release a relatively large amount of heat with only a modest change in its own temperature

26
Q

Why can water change its temperature so fast?

A

The high number of hydrogen ions in water

27
Q

Is waters capacity for vaporization high or low?

A

It is high. The amount of heat needed to change from liquid to gas requires a large amount of heat.

28
Q

What are 3 common mixtures?

A
  1. Solutions
  2. Colloid
  3. Suspension
29
Q

What is a solution?

A

A substance in which the solvent dissolves another substance called the solute. Usually there is more solvent than solute in a solution

30
Q

What is a colloid?

A

Differs from a solution mainly on the basis of the size of the particles with the particles in the colloid being so large enough to scatter light

31
Q

What is a suspension?

A

The suspended material may mix with the liquid or suspending medium for some time, but it will eventually settle out.

32
Q

What is range of the pH scale?

A

0-14

33
Q

What is a neutral pH

A

7 (water)

34
Q

What is a acidic pH?

A

pH below 7

35
Q

What is a basic pH?

A

pH above 7

36
Q

pH is on what kindof scale?

A

logarithmic scale

37
Q

What is a buffer system?

A

a solution that resists change in pH when acids or bases are added to it.

38
Q

What do buffer systems accomplish?

A

Changing strong acids and bases into weak acid and bases

39
Q

What are carbohydrates?

A

They provide most of the energy needed for life and include sugars, starches, glycogen, and cellulose. Other carbs can function as food

40
Q

Can carbohydrates be converted to other substances?

A

Yes they can be converted into other substances which are used to build structures and to generate ATP

41
Q

What are the 3 main group of carbs based on their size?

A
  1. Monosaccharides
  2. disaccharides
  3. Polysaccharides
42
Q

What are lipids?

A

Like carbs, contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen; unlike carbs, they do not have a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen

43
Q

Do lipids have polar covalent bonds?

A

They have a few polar covalent bonds

44
Q

If Lipids have few polar bonds, what does that mean?

A

It means that they are hydrophobic and that they are mostly insoluble in polar solvents like water.

45
Q

What are lipoproteins?

A

They combine with proteins to transport blood

46
Q

What are proteins?

A

constructed from combinations of 20 amino acids. And they are the building block for building tissue

47
Q

What are dipeptides?

A

They are formed from 2 amino acids joined by a covalent bond called a peptide bond

48
Q

What are polypeptide chains?

A

Formed from 10 to 2000 amino acids

49
Q

What are the levels of structural organization for protein?

A
  1. primary
  2. secondary
  3. tertiary
  4. quaternary
50
Q

What does the resulting shape of the protein influence?

A

Its ability to recognize and bind to other molecules

51
Q

What is denaturation?

A

when a protein is in a hostile environment and causes it to lose its characteristic shape and function

52
Q

What is DNA?

A

forms the genetic code inside each cell and thereby regulates most of the activities that take place in our cells throughout a lifetime

53
Q

What is RNA?

A

RNA relays instructions from the genes in the cell’s nucleus to guide each cells assembly of amino acids into proteins by the ribosomes

54
Q

What are nucleic acids?

A

huge organic molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus

55
Q

What are the basic units of nucleic acids?

A

Nucleotides, composed of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group

56
Q

What is ATP

A

Adenosine triphosphate: Temporary molecular storage of energy as it is being transferred from exergonic catabolic reactions to cellular activities

57
Q

What is hydrolysis of ATP?

A

The removal of terminal phosphate group by enzyme. Which release energy and leaves ADP ( adenosine diphosphate)

ANPH 209 (22 decks)

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