Chapter 23 The respiratory system Flashcards
What is respiration?
The exchange of gases between the
1. Atmosphere
2. Blood
3. Cells
The combination of 3 processes is required for respiration to occur what are they?
- Ventilation (breathing)
- External Respiration (pulmonary)
- Internal respiration (tissue)
The cardiovascular system assists the respiratory system with what?
Transporting gases
Structurally, the components of the respiratory system are divided into what two parts?
- Upper respiratory tract
- Lower Respiratory tract
Functionally, the components of the respiratory system are divided into 2 zones
- Conducting zone
- Respiratory zone
What are the structures of the respiratory system?
- Nose
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Terminal Bronchioles
What is the pharynx?
- Passageway for air and food
- Provides a resonating chamber for speech sounds
- House’s the tonsils- which participate in immunological reactions against foreign invaders.
What are three regions of the pharynx?
- Nasopharynx
- Oropharynx
- Laryngopharynx
What is the larynx?
Passageway that connects the pharynx and the trachea. Also known as the voice box
What does the larynx contain?
Vocal folds, which produce sound when they vibrate
What is the trachea?
Extends from the larynx to the primary bronchi
At the superior boarder of the 5th thoracic vertebra, the trachea does what?
Branches around the carina, into a right primary bronchus that enters the right lung and a left primary bronchus that enter the left lung, also known as the main bronchi
What is the bronchial tree?
- Trachea
- Main Bronchi
- Lobar Bronchi
- Segmental Bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Terminal bronchioles
Upon entering the lungs, the primary bronchi divide to do what?
To form smaller and smaller diameter branches
The terminal bronchioles are what?
The end of the conducting zone
What are the lungs?
Paired organs of the thoracic cavity
What are the Alveoli?
Air sacs found within the lungs
What is the microscopic airways?
- Respiratory bronchioles
- Alveolar ducts
- Alveolar sacs
- Alveoli
What are the two kinds of alveolar cells?
Type 1 and type 2
The respiratory membrane is composed of what?
- A layer of type 1 and type 2 alveolar cells and associated alveolar macrophages that constitutes the alveolar wall
- A epithelial basement membrane underlying the alveolar wall
- A capillary basement membrane that is often fused to the epithelial basement membrane
- The capillary endothelium
Blood enters the lungs via what?
The pulmonary arteries and the bronchial arteries
Blood exits the lungs how?
The pulmonary veins and the bronchial veins
What is ventilation perfusion coupling?
Vasoconstriction in response to hypoxia divers blood from poorly ventilated areas to well ventilated areas
In pulmonary ventilation, air flows between the atmosphere and alveoli in the lungs because of what?
Alternating pressure differences created by contraction and relaxation of respiratory muscles
Pressure changes that drive inhalation and exhalation are governed by what law?
Boyles law
What is Boyles law?
The pressure of a given mass is inversely proportional to its volume at a constant temperature
What is Dalton’s law?
Each gas in mixture of gases exerts its own pressure as if no other gases are present
What is Henry’s Law?
The quantity of gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas and its solubility coefficient when the temperature remains constant
During external respiration, oxygen will diffuse from what?
The alveoli into the pulmonary capillaries. CO2 moves in the opposite direction
During internal respiration, oxygen will diffuse from what?
The systemic capillaries into the tissue. CO2 moves in the opposite direction
How much of oxygen is dissolved into plasma?
1.5%
How much of the O2 is carried by hemoglobin?
98.5%
What is the percentage of CO2 in plasma?
7%
What is the percent of CO2 is carried by Hb inside red blood cells as carbaminohemoglobin?
23%
What percent of CO2 is transported as bicarbonate ions?
70%
What does Cortical influences do?
Allow conscious control of respiration that may be needed to avoid inhaling noxious gases or water
What are chemoreceptors?
Central and peripheral chemoreceptors monitor levels of O2 and CO2 and provide input into the respiratory center
What is Hypercapnia?
Increase in CO2 in blood
What is Hypoxia?
Oxygen deficiency at the tissue level
Aging results in decreased what?
- vital capacity
- Blood O2 Level
- Alveolar macrophage activity
- Ciliary action of respiratory epithelia
Elderly people are more susceptible to what?
- Pneumonia
- Bronchitis
- Emphysema
