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ANPH 209 > Chapter 23 The respiratory system > Flashcards

Chapter 23 The respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

What is respiration?

A

The exchange of gases between the
1. Atmosphere
2. Blood
3. Cells

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2
Q

The combination of 3 processes is required for respiration to occur what are they?

A
  1. Ventilation (breathing)
  2. External Respiration (pulmonary)
  3. Internal respiration (tissue)
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3
Q

The cardiovascular system assists the respiratory system with what?

A

Transporting gases

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4
Q

Structurally, the components of the respiratory system are divided into what two parts?

A
  1. Upper respiratory tract
  2. Lower Respiratory tract
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5
Q

Functionally, the components of the respiratory system are divided into 2 zones

A
  1. Conducting zone
  2. Respiratory zone
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6
Q

What are the structures of the respiratory system?

A
  1. Nose
  2. Pharynx
  3. Larynx
  4. Trachea
  5. Bronchi
  6. Terminal Bronchioles
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7
Q

What is the pharynx?

A
  1. Passageway for air and food
  2. Provides a resonating chamber for speech sounds
  3. House’s the tonsils- which participate in immunological reactions against foreign invaders.
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8
Q

What are three regions of the pharynx?

A
  1. Nasopharynx
  2. Oropharynx
  3. Laryngopharynx
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9
Q

What is the larynx?

A

Passageway that connects the pharynx and the trachea. Also known as the voice box

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10
Q

What does the larynx contain?

A

Vocal folds, which produce sound when they vibrate

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11
Q

What is the trachea?

A

Extends from the larynx to the primary bronchi

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12
Q

At the superior boarder of the 5th thoracic vertebra, the trachea does what?

A

Branches around the carina, into a right primary bronchus that enters the right lung and a left primary bronchus that enter the left lung, also known as the main bronchi

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13
Q

What is the bronchial tree?

A
  1. Trachea
  2. Main Bronchi
  3. Lobar Bronchi
  4. Segmental Bronchi
  5. Bronchioles
  6. Terminal bronchioles
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14
Q

Upon entering the lungs, the primary bronchi divide to do what?

A

To form smaller and smaller diameter branches

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15
Q

The terminal bronchioles are what?

A

The end of the conducting zone

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16
Q

What are the lungs?

A

Paired organs of the thoracic cavity

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17
Q

What are the Alveoli?

A

Air sacs found within the lungs

18
Q

What is the microscopic airways?

A
  1. Respiratory bronchioles
  2. Alveolar ducts
  3. Alveolar sacs
  4. Alveoli
19
Q

What are the two kinds of alveolar cells?

A

Type 1 and type 2

20
Q

The respiratory membrane is composed of what?

A
  1. A layer of type 1 and type 2 alveolar cells and associated alveolar macrophages that constitutes the alveolar wall
  2. A epithelial basement membrane underlying the alveolar wall
  3. A capillary basement membrane that is often fused to the epithelial basement membrane
  4. The capillary endothelium
21
Q

Blood enters the lungs via what?

A

The pulmonary arteries and the bronchial arteries

22
Q

Blood exits the lungs how?

A

The pulmonary veins and the bronchial veins

23
Q

What is ventilation perfusion coupling?

A

Vasoconstriction in response to hypoxia divers blood from poorly ventilated areas to well ventilated areas

24
Q

In pulmonary ventilation, air flows between the atmosphere and alveoli in the lungs because of what?

A

Alternating pressure differences created by contraction and relaxation of respiratory muscles

25
Q

Pressure changes that drive inhalation and exhalation are governed by what law?

A

Boyles law

26
Q

What is Boyles law?

A

The pressure of a given mass is inversely proportional to its volume at a constant temperature

27
Q

What is Dalton’s law?

A

Each gas in mixture of gases exerts its own pressure as if no other gases are present

28
Q

What is Henry’s Law?

A

The quantity of gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of the gas and its solubility coefficient when the temperature remains constant

29
Q

During external respiration, oxygen will diffuse from what?

A

The alveoli into the pulmonary capillaries. CO2 moves in the opposite direction

30
Q

During internal respiration, oxygen will diffuse from what?

A

The systemic capillaries into the tissue. CO2 moves in the opposite direction

31
Q

How much of oxygen is dissolved into plasma?

A

1.5%

32
Q

How much of the O2 is carried by hemoglobin?

A

98.5%

33
Q

What is the percentage of CO2 in plasma?

A

7%

34
Q

What is the percent of CO2 is carried by Hb inside red blood cells as carbaminohemoglobin?

A

23%

35
Q

What percent of CO2 is transported as bicarbonate ions?

A

70%

36
Q

What does Cortical influences do?

A

Allow conscious control of respiration that may be needed to avoid inhaling noxious gases or water

37
Q

What are chemoreceptors?

A

Central and peripheral chemoreceptors monitor levels of O2 and CO2 and provide input into the respiratory center

38
Q

What is Hypercapnia?

A

Increase in CO2 in blood

39
Q

What is Hypoxia?

A

Oxygen deficiency at the tissue level

40
Q

Aging results in decreased what?

A
  1. vital capacity
  2. Blood O2 Level
  3. Alveolar macrophage activity
  4. Ciliary action of respiratory epithelia
41
Q

Elderly people are more susceptible to what?

A
  1. Pneumonia
  2. Bronchitis
  3. Emphysema

ANPH 209 (22 decks)

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