Chapter 26 the urinary system Flashcards

1
Q

What does the urinary system consist of?

A
  1. Two Kidneys
  2. Two ureters
  3. One bladder
  4. One urethra
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2
Q

What does the urinary system do?

A

Maintain homeostasis by managing the volume and composition of fluid reservoirs, primarily blood

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3
Q

What’s part of blood ionic composition?

A
  1. Na
  2. K
  3. Cl
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4
Q

What is involved in the regulation of pH?

A
  1. H
  2. HCO
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5
Q

What is involved with the regulation of blood volume?

A

H2O

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6
Q

What are the functions of a homeostatic kidney?

A
  1. Maintenance of blood osmolarity
  2. Production of hormones
  3. Excretion of metabolic wastes and foreign substances
  4. Regulation of blood glucose levels
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7
Q

What are the external layers of the kidney? (superficial to deep)

A
  1. renal fascia
  2. adipose capsule
  3. Renal capsule
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8
Q

What is the renal cortex?

A

Outer layer of the kidney

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9
Q

What is the renal medulla?

A

Inner region

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10
Q

Although kidneys constitute less then 0.5% of total body mass they receive how much cardiac output?

A

20-25%

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11
Q

Renal nerves primary carry what kind of flow?

A

sympathetic outflow

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12
Q

What does the nerve supply do inside the kidney?

A

Regulate blood flow through the kidneys

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13
Q

What are the different types of blood vessels in the kidney?

A
  1. Renal artery and renal vein
  2. Afferent arteriole- glomerulus capsule- efferent arteriole
  3. peritubular capillaries
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14
Q

What is the glomerulus?

A

A mass of capillaries that is fed by the afferent arteriole and drains into the efferent arteriole and is surrounded by the Bowman’s capsule

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15
Q

What is the bowman’s capsule?

A

Double walled structure which wraps around the capillaries and
1. filtrate is collected between the visceral and parietal layers
2. Contains fluid rich in solutes, free of proteins

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16
Q

What are the two parts of the renal corpuscle?

A
  1. Glomerulus
  2. Bowman’s capsule
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17
Q

What is the renal tubule?

A

Site of reabsorption and secretion

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18
Q

What are the three sections of the renal tubule?

A
  1. proximal convoluted tubule
  2. Loop of henle/ nephron loop
  3. Distal convoluted tubule
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19
Q

What are the sections of the loop of henle/ nephron loop?

A

Two parts
1. Cortical nephron
2. Justamedullary nephron

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20
Q

What is the cortical nephron?

A
  1. renal corpuscle in outer portion of cortex
  2. Short loops of Henle extend only into outer region of medulla
  3. Receives blood from peritubular capillaries arising from the glomerulus arterioles
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21
Q

The cortical nephrons make up how much of the nephrons?

A

80-85%

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22
Q

What is the juxtamedullary nephron?

A
  1. Renal corpuscle deep in cortex with long nephron loops
  2. Receive blood from peritubular capillaries and vasa recta arising form the efferent glomerulus arterioles
  3. Ascending limb has thick and thin regions
23
Q

What is the basic process involved in urine formation?

A

Glomerular filtration + secretion - reabsorption

24
Q

What are the steps for urine formation?

A
  1. Glomerular filtration
  2. Tubular reabsorption
  3. Tubular secretion
25
Q

What is glomerular filtration?

A
  1. Driven by blood pressure
  2. Water and small molecules such as sodium and potassium, move out of the glomerulus
  3. Glomerular hydrostatic pressure
26
Q

What is glomerular hydrostatic pressure?

A

Opposed by capsular hydrostatic pressure and blood colloid osmotic pressure

27
Q

What is glomerular filtration rate?

A

Amount of filtrate formed by both kidneys each minute

28
Q

Homeostasis requires kidneys to maintain what?

A

A relatively constant Glomerular filtration rate

29
Q

What happens if the GFR is too high?

A

Substances pass to quickly and are not reabsorbed

30
Q

What happens if GFR is too low?

A

Nearly all reabsorbed and some waste products not adequately excreted

31
Q

What happens in tubular reabsorption and secretion?

A

much of the filtrate is reabsorbed, especially
1. water
2. glucose
3. Amino acids
4. Ions into the blood

32
Q

What must we keep in mind in terms of tubular reabsorption and secretion?

A
  1. location
  2. Ratios of reabsorption
33
Q

What does secretions assist with?

A
  1. managing pH levels
  2. Riding the body of toxic and foreign substances
34
Q

What are enzymes, hormones of the kidney’s

A
  1. Antidiuretic hormone
  2. Aldosterone
  3. Atrial natriuretic factor
  4. Renin
  5. Erythropoietin
35
Q

What does Antidiuretic hormone do?

A

Increase facultative reabsorption of water, which decreases osmolarity of blood fluid

36
Q

What does Atrial Natriuretic peptide (ANP) do?

A
  1. Increases excretion of Na in urine
  2. Increases urine output and thus decreases blood volume and blood pressure
37
Q

What does Angiotensin do?

A

Increases reabsorption of Na and water, which increases blood volume and pressure

38
Q

What does Aldosterone do?

A

Increases secretion of K and reabsorption of Na; increases reabsorption of water, which increases blood volume and blood pressure

39
Q

What must we keep in mind in terms of urine production?

A
  1. Fluid intake is highly variable
  2. Homeostasis requires maintenance of fluid volumes within specific limits
  3. Urine concentration varies with ADH
40
Q

What does high intake of fluid results in?

A

dilute urine of high volume

41
Q

What does low intake of fluids results in?

A

concentrated urine of low volume

42
Q

Routine urinalysis does what?

A

evaluates the presence of abnormalities in urine

43
Q

What are some things to look for in urine?

A
  1. Albumin
  2. Glucose
  3. Red Blood cells
  4. Ketone bodies
  5. Microbes
44
Q

Each ureter transports urine from a renal pelvis by what?

A
  1. Peristaltic waves
  2. Hydrostatic pressure
  3. gravity
45
Q

Is there a valve at the opening of the bladder?

A

no

46
Q

What happens when the bladder fills?

A

it compresses the opening and prevents backflow

47
Q

How much fluid can the average bladder carry?

A

700-800 ml

48
Q

What does the kidney do?

A
  1. Regulate blood volume and composition
  2. Help regulate blood pressure
  3. Synthesize glucose
  4. Release erythropoietin
  5. participate in Vitamin D synthesis
  6. excrete wastes in urine
49
Q

What does the ureters do?

A

Transports tubes that move urine from kidneys to urinary bladder

50
Q

What is the urinary bladder?

A

Storage organ that temporarily stores urine until convenient to discharge from body

51
Q

What is the urethra?

A

Drainage tube that transports stored urine from body

52
Q

What is micturition?

A

Discharge of urine

53
Q

What is the trigger for micturition?

A
  1. stretch receptors trigger a spinal reflex
  2. urethra carries urine from internal urethra to exterior of body
  3. Males have a mix of semen in urine as well