Chapter 10 Muscular tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What are three types of muscle tissue?

A
  1. Skeletal
  2. Cardiac
  3. Smooth
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2
Q

What are the functions of muscle tissue?

A
  1. produce movement
  2. stabilizing body positions
  3. storing and mobilizing substance within the body
  4. generate heat
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3
Q

What are some properties of muscular tissue?

A
  1. Electrical excitability
  2. contractility
  3. extensibility
  4. elasticity
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4
Q

What are three types of fascia?

A
  1. epimysium
  2. perimysium
  3. endomysium
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5
Q

What are two types of sacrolemma?

A
  1. Sarcoplasm
  2. Sarcoplasmic reticulum
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6
Q

What are two types of contractile muscle proteins?

A

Myosin and actin

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7
Q

What are muscle fascicle?

A

Bundle of muscle fibers wrapped in perimysium

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8
Q

What are muscular fibers

A

Long cylindrical cell covered by endomysium and sarcolemma; contains sarcoplasm, myofibrils, many peripherally located nuclei, mitochondria, t tubules, sarcoplasmic reticulum and terminal cisterns. Striated appearance

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9
Q

What is a myofibril?

A

Threadlike contractile elements within muscle fiber that extend entire length of fiber; composed of filaments

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10
Q

What is a filament?

A

Contractile proteins within myofibrils that are two types: thick filaments composed of myosin and thin filaments composed of actin, tropomyosin, and troponin; sliding of thin filaments past thick filaments produces muscle shortening

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11
Q

What are z discs?

A

Narrow, plated- shaped regions of dense material that separate one sarcomere from the next

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12
Q

What is an A Band?

A

Dark, middle part of sarcomere that extends entire length of thick filaments and includes those parts of thin filaments that overlap thick filaments

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13
Q

What is an I band?

A

Lighter, less dense areas of sarcomere that contains remainder of thin filaments but no thick filaments, A Z disc passes through center of each I band

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14
Q

What is the H band?

A

Narrow region in center of each A band that contains thick filaments but no thin filaments

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15
Q

What is a M line?

A

Region in center of H zone that contains proteins that hold thick filaments together at center of sarcomere

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16
Q

What is the sliding filament mechanism?

A
  1. Myosin pulls on actin, causing the thing filament to slide inward
  2. Z disc move towards each other and the sarcomere shortens
  3. Thanks to structural proteins, there is a transmission of force throughout the entire muscle, resulting in muscle contraction
17
Q

What is the excitation- contraction coupling?

A

This concept connects the events of a muscle action potential with the sliding filament mechanism

18
Q

What is the length- tension relationship?

A

The force of a muscle contraction depends on the length of the sarcomeres in a muscle prior to contraction

19
Q

What are the three ways to produce ATP?

A
  1. Creatine phosphate
  2. Anaerobic glycolysis
  3. Aerobic respiration
20
Q

How does creatine phosphate (CP work)

A

Creatine kinase catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from CP to ADP to rapidly yield ATP

21
Q

How does Anaerobic Glycolysis work?

A

When CP stores are depleted, glucose is converted into pyruvic acid to generate ATP

22
Q

How does Aerobic respiration work?

A

Under aerobic conditions, pyruvic acid can enter the mitochondria and undergo a series of oxygen-requiring reactions to generate large amounts of ATP

23
Q

What is Muscle fatigue?

A

The inability to maintain force of contraction after prolonged activity

24
Q

The onset of fatigue is due to what four things?

A
  1. Inadequate release of Ca2+ from ST
  2. Depletion of CP, oxygen, and nutrients
  3. Build up of lactic acid and ADP
  4. Insufficient release of ACh at NMJ
25
Q

Why do you continue to breathe heavily for a period of time after stopping exercise?

A
  1. To pay back your oxygen debt
  2. Replenishing CP stores
  3. Converting lactate into pyruvate
  4. Reloading O2 onto myoglobin
26
Q

The strength of a muscle contraction depends on what?

A

How many motor units are activated

27
Q

A motor unit consists of what?

A

A somatic motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates

28
Q

Activating only a few motor units will generally result in what?

A

A weak muscle contraction

29
Q

Activating many motor units will generally result in what?

A

A strong muscle contraction

30
Q

What is motor unit recruitment?

A

The process in which the number of active motor units increases

31
Q

During muscle recruitment what is recruited first?

A

Weak motor units are recruited first, followed by stronger motor units

32
Q

Motor units contract alternatively to do what?

A

Sustain contractions for longer periods of time

33
Q

What is muscle tone?

A

The small amount of tension that skeletal muscles exhibit even at rest

34
Q

Tone is established by what?

A

Alternating, involuntary activation of small groups of motor units in a muscle

35
Q

What is isotonic?

A

When Tension is constant while muscle length changes

36
Q

How are two ways we can achieve isotonic?

A
  1. Concentric
  2. Eccentric
37
Q

What is isometric?

A

Muscle contracts but does not change length