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ANPH 209 > Chapter 28 The reproductive systems > Flashcards

Chapter 28 The reproductive systems Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the testes?

A

Produce sperm and male sex hormones

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2
Q

What do the ducts do in the male reproductive system?

A
  1. Transport
  2. Store
  3. Assist in maturation of sperm
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3
Q

Accessory male genital glands do what?

A

Secrete most of the liquid portion of semen

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4
Q

The penis contains what?

A

Urethra, a passageway for ejaculation of semen and excretion of urine

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5
Q

What are structures of the male reproductive system?

A
  1. Testes
  2. Epididymus
  3. Vas Deferens
  4. Seminal vesicles
  5. Ejaculatory ducts
  6. Prostrate gland
  7. Bulbourethral gland
  8. Penis
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6
Q

What are the testes?

A
  1. Paired
  2. Oval glands
  3. In the scrotum partially covered by the tunica vaginalis
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7
Q

What is the Tunica Albuginea in males?

A

Structure that extends inward to form septa that creates compartments

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8
Q

What does the Seminiferous tubules do?

A

produces sperm and carries them out of the testes

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9
Q

Efferent ducts do what?

A

Carry sperm to the epididymis

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10
Q

Where does the sperm mature?

A

Epididymis

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11
Q

The epididymis propels sperm towards what?

A

Ductus deferens

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12
Q

At puberty gonadotropin stimulates what in males?

A

The anterior pituitary to produce
1. Luteinizing hormone
2. Stimulating hormone

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13
Q

What does Luteinizing hormone do in males?

A

Stimulates cells in the testes to produce testosterone

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14
Q

What does the Follicle stimulating hormone do for males?

A

Stimulates spermatogenesis

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15
Q

What does testosterone do?

A
  1. Most important androgen
  2. Responsible for growth and development of male sex organs and secondary sex characteristics
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16
Q

The ductus (vas) deferens exits where?

A
  1. The tail of the epididymis and ascends through the spermatic cord into the pelvis
  2. Then, it loops over the ureter and passes over the side and down the posterior surface of the urinary bladder
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17
Q

What is the spermatic cord?

A

Ascends out of the scrotum and contains
1. ductus deferens,
2. Testicular artery
3. Veins draining the testes
4. Lymphatic vessels
5. Cremaster muscle

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18
Q

The spermatic cord and ilioinguinal nerve pass through what?

A

Inguinal canal which originates at the deep inguinal ring and ends at the superficial inguinal ring

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19
Q

The ejaculatory ducts arise from what?

A

The junction from the seminal vesicle and the ampulla of the ductus deferens

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20
Q

The urethra is the duct shared by what?

A

Reproductive and urinary systems

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21
Q

What are the seminal vesicles?

A

Secrete an alkaline, viscous fluid containing
1. Fructose
2. Prostaglandins
3. Clotting proteins

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22
Q

What is the prostrate?

A

Single, donut- shape gland that secretes
1. Milky
2. Slightly acidic fluid containing citric acid
3. Proteolytic enzymes
4. Phosphatase
5. Seminalplasmin

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23
Q

What are the bulbourethral (Cowper’s) glands?

A

Secrete an alkaline fluid during sexual arousal that neutralizes acids from urine and mucus for lubrication

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24
Q

What is the penis composed of?

A
  1. Corpus cavernosa
  2. Corpus Spongiosum
  3. Urethra
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25
Q

A erection is brought by what?

A

Parasympathetic innervation leading to vasodilation of arterioles in erectile tissue

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26
Q

Ejaculation is the powerful release of what?

A

Semen due to sympathetic stimulation

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27
Q

What contracts to get semen out?

A
  1. Bulbospongiosus
  2. Ischiocavernousus
  3. Superficial Transverse perineal muscles
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28
Q

What are the functions of the ovaries?

A

Produce oocytes and hormones including
1. Progesterone
2. Estrogen
3. Inhibin
4. relaxin

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29
Q

The uterine tubes transport what?

A

Secondary oocyte to the uterus

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30
Q

The uterus is the site for what?

A
  1. Implantation of a fertilized ovum
  2. Development of the fetus during pregnancy and labor
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31
Q

What are the structures of the female reproduction system?

A
  1. Ovary
  2. Uterus
  3. Cervix
  4. Fallopian tubes
  5. Round ligament
  6. Clitoris
  7. Vagina
  8. Labia
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32
Q

What are the ovaries supported by?

A
  1. Broad ligament
  2. Ovarian ligament
  3. Suspensory ligament
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33
Q

Histologically, Ovaries consist of what?

A
  1. Germinal epithelium
  2. Tunica Albuginea
  3. Ovarian Cortex
  4. Ovarian Medulla
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34
Q

What is the germinal epithelium?

A

Covers the surface of the ovary

35
Q

What is the tunica albuginea in females?

A

Capsule of dense irregular connective tissue below the germinal epithelium

36
Q

What is the ovarian cortex?

A

Below the Tunica Albuginea and consists of ovarian follicles and stomal cells

37
Q

What is the ovarian medulla?

A
  1. Connective tissue
  2. Blood vessels
  3. Lymphatic vessels
  4. Nerves
38
Q

What are Ovarian follicles?

A

Contain Oocytes in various stages of development, follicular cells and granulosa cells

39
Q

A mature (graafian) follicle is ready to do what?

A

Rupture and expel the secondary oocyte

40
Q

A corpus luteum develops after what?

A

After ovulation when the empty follicle produces
1. Progesterone
2. Estrogens
3. Inhibin
4. Relaxin

41
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

Formation of gametes in the ovaries

42
Q

When does oogenesis start?

A

Before a female is born with the process of meiosis

43
Q

When does oogonia differentiate?

A

When primordial germ cells migrate from the yolk sac to the ovaries during fetal development

44
Q

Oogonia divide into what?

A

Germ cells, some of which become primary oocytes

45
Q

Each month after puberty FSH and LSH stimulate what for females?

A

development of the primordial follicles

46
Q

Females have two uterine tubes that do what?

A

Extends from the uterus to the ovaries

47
Q

The uterine tubes are the pathway for what?

A

Sperm to reach the ovum and for the secondary oocytes and fertilized ova to travel to the uterus

48
Q

What is at the end of the uterine tubes?

A

Infundibulum

49
Q

What is the widest part of the uterine tube?

A

Ampulla

50
Q

What are the three layers of the uterine tube?

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Muscularis
  3. Serosa
51
Q

The simple ciliated columnar epithelium of the mucosa contains what?

A

Cilia that move the fertilized ovum or secondary oocyte towards the uterus

52
Q

Peg cells in the tube secrete what?

A

A fluid providing nourishment for the ovum

53
Q

What is the pathway of the uterus?

A
  1. Cervix
  2. Isthmus
  3. Body
  4. Corpus
  5. Fundus
54
Q

What is the uterine cavity?

A

Interior of the body

55
Q

What is the cervical canal?

A

Interior of the cervix

56
Q

What is the internal OS?

A

The opening of the canal into the uterus

57
Q

What is the external OS?

A

Opening of the canal into the vagina

58
Q

Histologically there are three layers of the uterus, what are they?

A
  1. Endometrium
  2. Myometrium
  3. Perimetrium
59
Q

Secretory cells of the cervix produce what?

A

Cervical mucus which is chemically more hospitable to sperm during ovulation because it is less viscous and more alkaline

60
Q

What does secretory cells do?

A
  1. Helps nourish sperm
  2. Aid in capacitation
61
Q

What is the vagina

A

Fibromuscular canal lined with mucus that extends from the body’s exterior to the cervix

62
Q

The epithelium and areolar connective tissue of the vagina lie where?

A

In a series of transverse folds called rugae

63
Q

The muscularis is composed of what?

A

Outer circular layer and inner longitudinal layer of smooth muscle

64
Q

What does the muscularis do?

A

Allows the vagina to stretch during intercourse and childbirth

65
Q

What is the hymen?

A

A thin fold of vascularized mucous membrane that partially closes the inferior end of the vagina

66
Q

The vulva (pudendum) refers to what?

A

The external genitalia of the female

67
Q

What does the vulva include?

A
  1. Mons pubis
  2. labia minora
  3. Labia majora
  4. Clitoris
  5. Vestibule
68
Q

What is the paraurethral (Skene’s) glands?

A

Secrete mucus and are embedded in the wall of the urethra

69
Q

What is the greater vistibular (bartholin’s) glands?

A

Produce mucus during sexual arousal to produce lubrication

70
Q

What is the bulb of the vestibule?

A

Has two masses of erectile tissue that engorges during sexual arousal to narrow the vaginal orifice applying pressure to the penis during intercourse

71
Q

Mammary glands contain how many lobes?

A

15-30 lobes

72
Q

Each lobe of the mammary glands has lobules that contain what?

A

Milk secreting glands called what alveoli

73
Q

Each breast has a nipple containing what?

A

Lactiferous ducts where milk emerges

74
Q

What is the ovarian cycle?

A

Changes that occur during and after maturation of the oocyte

75
Q

What is the uterine cycle?

A

Involves changes in the endometrium that prepare it for implantation of the developing embryo

76
Q

Phases of the female reproductive cycle generally lasts how many days?

A

24-36 days

77
Q

What is the different stages of the menstrual cycle?

A
  1. Menstrual
  2. Preovulatory/ proliferation phase
  3. ovulation/ secretory phase
  4. Postovulatory
78
Q

What is important in regulating hormonally controlled cycles?

A

Feedback

79
Q

High levels of estrogen during the last part of the preovulatory phase has what kind of effect?

A

Positive feedback effect on the cells secreting LH and GnRH, this bringing out ovulation

80
Q

What is menopause?

A

End of child bearing years

81
Q

What is fertilization?

A

Union of gametes, ovum and sperm

82
Q

What is gestation?

A

time of conception to birth

83
Q

What is parturition?

A

The act of giving birth

84
Q

What is lactation?

A

Secretion and ejection of milk by mammary glands, which are modified apocrine/ sweat glands

ANPH 209 (22 decks)

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