Chapter 13/14/15 Nervous system Flashcards
What is the cerebral cortex?
The outer layer that lies on top of your cerebrum
What is the cerebral cortex composed of?
Gray matter which contains billions of neurons
Deep into the cortex is what?
White matter composed of tracts of neurons that connects parts of the brain to each other and the spinal cord
What does the Corpus callosum do?
It is a bundle of white matter tracts which connects the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum
The cerebrum can be divided into how many parts?
- Frontal lobe
- parietal lobe
- Temporal lobe
- occipital lobe
What is the diencephalon composed of?
- Thalamus
- Hypothalamus
- Epithalamus
What is the brain stem composed of?
- Medulla oblongata
- Pons
- Mid Brain
What is the cerebellum?
Occupies the inferior and posterior aspects of the cranial cavity and consist of two hemispheres and central vermis
What is the functions of the cerebral cortex?
Specific types of sensory, motor, and integrative signals
What are the three areas of the cerebral cortex?
- Sensory areas
- Motor areas
- Association areas
The spinal cord is protected by what?
- Bone
- connective tissue
- Fluid
What are the meninges?
protective layer of the CNS
What are the layers of the meninges?
- dura mater
- Arachnoid mater
- Pia mater
What is the external anatomy of the spinal cord?
Begins as an extension of the medulla oblongata at the level of the foramen magnum and terminates at the level of the L2
The internal anatomy of the spinal cord allows for what?
Sensory and motor information to be processed in a organized way
What is cerebrospinal fluid?
CSF is a liquid that protects the brain and spinal cord against chemical and physical injuries and it carries oxygen, glucose, and other important substance from the blood to nervous tissue
What does the choroid plexuses do?
Make CSF
What do the ventricles of the brain do?
Contain CSF
The spinal nerves connect what?
The CNS to sensory receptors, muscles, and glands and are part of the peripheral nervous system
How many pairs of spinal nerves are there
31
Cervical, Thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal
What are plexus?
Network of nerves
Anterior and posterior roots of the spinal branch do what?
Attach a spinal nerve to a segment of the spinal cord
Shortly after passing through its intervertebral foraman, what happens?
a spinal nerve divides into several branches known as rami
What are dermatomes?
Certain segments of the skin which are supplied by spinal nerves that carry somatic sensory nerve impulses to the brain
What is the cervical plexus?
Supplies the skin and muscles of the head, neck, superior portion of the shoulders and chest, and diaphragm
What is the brachial plexus?
Provides almost the entire nerve supply to the shoulders and upper limbs
What is a mnemonic fir cranial nerves?
oh - olfactory
oh - optic
oh - oculomotor
to - trochlear
touch - trigeminal
and - abducens
feel - facial
very - vestibulocochlear
green - glossopharyngeal
vegetables - vagus
ah! - accessory hypoglossal
What does the olfactory nerve do?
Smell and is special sense
What does the optic nerve do?
Vision and is a special sense
What does the oculomotor nerve do?
Movement of eyeballs and upper eyelid. Adjusts lens for near vision. constriction of eye ball. Motor skill
What is trochlear nerve do?
Somatic movement of eyeballs and is motor skills
What does the trigeminal sense do?
Touch, pain, and thermal sensations of the face, scalp and two thirds of tongue . This is a special sense
What does the abducens do?
Movement of the eyeballs and is motor
What does the facial nerves do?
touch, pain, and thermal sensations of the facial region, scalps and two thirds of tongue. This is a sensory and motor sense
What does the vestibulocochlear sense?
Hearing and equilibrium and is a special sense
What does the glossopharyngeal sense do?
Taste from posterior one third of tongue, propricoception in some swallowing muscles, monitors blood pressure and O2 and CO2 levels in blood, touch, pain and thermal sensations from skin of external ear and upper pharynx. This is both a special sense and a motor sense
What does the vagus sense do?
Taste from epiglottis, proprioception from throat and voice box muscles, monitors blood pressure and O2 and CO2 levels in blood, touch, pain, and thermal sensations from skin of external ear, sensation from thoracic abdominal organs. This is both a special and motor sense
What does the accessory nerve do?
Branchial movement of head and pectoral girdle. This is a motor sense
What does the hypoglossal do?
Somatic speech, manipulation of food and swallowing.
In order to maintain homeostasis, the spinal cord must do what?
propagate nerve impulses and integrate information
White matter tracts does what?
conduct nerve impulses to and from the brain
What does the gray matter do?
It receives and integrates incoming and outgoing information to perform spinal reflexes
What is a reflex?
A fast, involuntary, unplanned response to a particular stimulus
They gray matter of the spinal cord serves as the integrating center for what?
spinal reflexes
What is a stretch reflex?
Causes contraction of a muscle that has been stretched
What is the tendon reflex?
Causes relaxation of the muscle attached to the stimulated tendon
What is the flexor (withdrawal) reflex
Causes withdrawal of a limb to avoid injury or pain
What is the somatic nervous system?
Includes sensory and motor neurons. Sensory neurons are related to touch, pain, temperature, and proprioception, sigh, hearing, taste, smell, and equilibrium. Motor neurons innervate skeletal muscles
What is the autonomic nervous system
Receives input from sensory receptors located in organs, blood vessels, muscles and the nervous system
What are the two motor pathways of the motor neurons?
- Preganglionic neuron
- Postganglionic neuron
What is a preganglionic neuron?
a neuron which has its cell body in the central nervous system and the axon extends to an autonomic ganglion
What is a postganglionic neuron?
a neuron which has its unmyelinated axon extending from the ganglion to the effector.
What is the main difference between the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system.
SNS deals with fight or flight and the PNS deals with reast and digest
In the sympathetic division, the cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons are in what?
In lateral horns of the gray matter in the 12 thoracic and first 2 or 3 lumbar segments
In the parasympathetic division, cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons are what?
In the nuclei of four cranial nerves in the brain stem and in the lateral gray matter of sacral segments 2-4 of the spinal cord
There are two types of autonomic ganglia, what are they?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
What are the two major types of sympathetic ganglia?
Sympathetic trunk ganglia and prevertebral ganglia
What is the sympathetic trunk ganglia?
Lie in a vertical row on either side of the vertebral column
What is the prevertebral ganglia?
Lies anterior to the vertebral column and close to the large abdominal arteries
