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ANPH 209 > Chapter 13/14/15 Nervous system > Flashcards

Chapter 13/14/15 Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

The outer layer that lies on top of your cerebrum

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2
Q

What is the cerebral cortex composed of?

A

Gray matter which contains billions of neurons

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3
Q

Deep into the cortex is what?

A

White matter composed of tracts of neurons that connects parts of the brain to each other and the spinal cord

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4
Q

What does the Corpus callosum do?

A

It is a bundle of white matter tracts which connects the left and right hemispheres of the cerebrum

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5
Q

The cerebrum can be divided into how many parts?

A
  1. Frontal lobe
  2. parietal lobe
  3. Temporal lobe
  4. occipital lobe
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6
Q

What is the diencephalon composed of?

A
  1. Thalamus
  2. Hypothalamus
  3. Epithalamus
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7
Q

What is the brain stem composed of?

A
  1. Medulla oblongata
  2. Pons
  3. Mid Brain
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8
Q

What is the cerebellum?

A

Occupies the inferior and posterior aspects of the cranial cavity and consist of two hemispheres and central vermis

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9
Q

What is the functions of the cerebral cortex?

A

Specific types of sensory, motor, and integrative signals

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10
Q

What are the three areas of the cerebral cortex?

A
  1. Sensory areas
  2. Motor areas
  3. Association areas
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11
Q

The spinal cord is protected by what?

A
  1. Bone
  2. connective tissue
  3. Fluid
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12
Q

What are the meninges?

A

protective layer of the CNS

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13
Q

What are the layers of the meninges?

A
  1. dura mater
  2. Arachnoid mater
  3. Pia mater
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14
Q

What is the external anatomy of the spinal cord?

A

Begins as an extension of the medulla oblongata at the level of the foramen magnum and terminates at the level of the L2

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15
Q

The internal anatomy of the spinal cord allows for what?

A

Sensory and motor information to be processed in a organized way

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16
Q

What is cerebrospinal fluid?

A

CSF is a liquid that protects the brain and spinal cord against chemical and physical injuries and it carries oxygen, glucose, and other important substance from the blood to nervous tissue

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17
Q

What does the choroid plexuses do?

A

Make CSF

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18
Q

What do the ventricles of the brain do?

A

Contain CSF

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19
Q

The spinal nerves connect what?

A

The CNS to sensory receptors, muscles, and glands and are part of the peripheral nervous system

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20
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there

A

31

Cervical, Thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

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21
Q

What are plexus?

A

Network of nerves

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22
Q

Anterior and posterior roots of the spinal branch do what?

A

Attach a spinal nerve to a segment of the spinal cord

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23
Q

Shortly after passing through its intervertebral foraman, what happens?

A

a spinal nerve divides into several branches known as rami

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24
Q

What are dermatomes?

A

Certain segments of the skin which are supplied by spinal nerves that carry somatic sensory nerve impulses to the brain

25
Q

What is the cervical plexus?

A

Supplies the skin and muscles of the head, neck, superior portion of the shoulders and chest, and diaphragm

26
Q

What is the brachial plexus?

A

Provides almost the entire nerve supply to the shoulders and upper limbs

27
Q

What is a mnemonic fir cranial nerves?

A

oh - olfactory
oh - optic
oh - oculomotor
to - trochlear
touch - trigeminal
and - abducens
feel - facial
very - vestibulocochlear
green - glossopharyngeal
vegetables - vagus
ah! - accessory hypoglossal

28
Q

What does the olfactory nerve do?

A

Smell and is special sense

29
Q

What does the optic nerve do?

A

Vision and is a special sense

30
Q

What does the oculomotor nerve do?

A

Movement of eyeballs and upper eyelid. Adjusts lens for near vision. constriction of eye ball. Motor skill

31
Q

What is trochlear nerve do?

A

Somatic movement of eyeballs and is motor skills

32
Q

What does the trigeminal sense do?

A

Touch, pain, and thermal sensations of the face, scalp and two thirds of tongue . This is a special sense

33
Q

What does the abducens do?

A

Movement of the eyeballs and is motor

34
Q

What does the facial nerves do?

A

touch, pain, and thermal sensations of the facial region, scalps and two thirds of tongue. This is a sensory and motor sense

35
Q

What does the vestibulocochlear sense?

A

Hearing and equilibrium and is a special sense

36
Q

What does the glossopharyngeal sense do?

A

Taste from posterior one third of tongue, propricoception in some swallowing muscles, monitors blood pressure and O2 and CO2 levels in blood, touch, pain and thermal sensations from skin of external ear and upper pharynx. This is both a special sense and a motor sense

37
Q

What does the vagus sense do?

A

Taste from epiglottis, proprioception from throat and voice box muscles, monitors blood pressure and O2 and CO2 levels in blood, touch, pain, and thermal sensations from skin of external ear, sensation from thoracic abdominal organs. This is both a special and motor sense

38
Q

What does the accessory nerve do?

A

Branchial movement of head and pectoral girdle. This is a motor sense

39
Q

What does the hypoglossal do?

A

Somatic speech, manipulation of food and swallowing.

40
Q

In order to maintain homeostasis, the spinal cord must do what?

A

propagate nerve impulses and integrate information

41
Q

White matter tracts does what?

A

conduct nerve impulses to and from the brain

42
Q

What does the gray matter do?

A

It receives and integrates incoming and outgoing information to perform spinal reflexes

43
Q

What is a reflex?

A

A fast, involuntary, unplanned response to a particular stimulus

44
Q

They gray matter of the spinal cord serves as the integrating center for what?

A

spinal reflexes

45
Q

What is a stretch reflex?

A

Causes contraction of a muscle that has been stretched

46
Q

What is the tendon reflex?

A

Causes relaxation of the muscle attached to the stimulated tendon

47
Q

What is the flexor (withdrawal) reflex

A

Causes withdrawal of a limb to avoid injury or pain

48
Q

What is the somatic nervous system?

A

Includes sensory and motor neurons. Sensory neurons are related to touch, pain, temperature, and proprioception, sigh, hearing, taste, smell, and equilibrium. Motor neurons innervate skeletal muscles

49
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system

A

Receives input from sensory receptors located in organs, blood vessels, muscles and the nervous system

50
Q

What are the two motor pathways of the motor neurons?

A
  1. Preganglionic neuron
  2. Postganglionic neuron
51
Q

What is a preganglionic neuron?

A

a neuron which has its cell body in the central nervous system and the axon extends to an autonomic ganglion

52
Q

What is a postganglionic neuron?

A

a neuron which has its unmyelinated axon extending from the ganglion to the effector.

53
Q

What is the main difference between the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system.

A

SNS deals with fight or flight and the PNS deals with reast and digest

54
Q

In the sympathetic division, the cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons are in what?

A

In lateral horns of the gray matter in the 12 thoracic and first 2 or 3 lumbar segments

55
Q

In the parasympathetic division, cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons are what?

A

In the nuclei of four cranial nerves in the brain stem and in the lateral gray matter of sacral segments 2-4 of the spinal cord

56
Q

There are two types of autonomic ganglia, what are they?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

57
Q

What are the two major types of sympathetic ganglia?

A

Sympathetic trunk ganglia and prevertebral ganglia

58
Q

What is the sympathetic trunk ganglia?

A

Lie in a vertical row on either side of the vertebral column

59
Q

What is the prevertebral ganglia?

A

Lies anterior to the vertebral column and close to the large abdominal arteries

ANPH 209 (22 decks)

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