Chapter 19 The Blood and Blood vessels Flashcards

1
Q

What is Blood?

A

A liquid connective tissue consisting of cells surrounded by a liquid matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does blood transports?

A
  1. Oxygen
  2. Carbon dioxide
  3. Nutrients
  4. Hormones
  5. Heat
  6. Waste products
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does blood regulate?

A
  1. Hemostasis of all body fluids
  2. pH
  3. Body temperature
  4. Water content of cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Blood protects against what?

A

Excessive loss by clotting and uses what blood cells to protect against infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the cellular components (formed elements) of blood?

A
  1. Red blood cells
  2. White blood cells
  3. Platelets
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The plasma portion of blood consists of what?

A
  1. Water
  2. Proteins
  3. other solutes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the function of water in blood?

A
  1. Solvent and suspending medium
  2. Absorbs
  3. Transports
  4. Resists heat
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the function of blood plasma proteins?

A

Responsible for colloid osmotic pressure.
1. Major contributors to blood viscosity.
2. Transport hormones (steroid)
3. Transport fatty acids,
4. Transport calcium.
5. Help regulate blood pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the function of Albumins?

A
  1. Help maintain osmotic pressure
  2. Exchange of fluids across blood capillary walls
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are globulins functions?

A

Immunoglobulins help attack viruses and bacteria.
Alpha and beta globulins transports
1. Iron
2. lipids
3. Fat soluble vitamins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the function of fibrinogen?

A

Plays essential role in blood clotting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the function of electrolytes?

A

Help maintain osmotic pressure and play essential roles in cell functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the function of nutrients in blood plasma?

A

Essential role in cell functions, growth, and development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the function of O2?

A

Important to many cellular functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the function of Carbon Dioxide in plasma?

A

Involved in the regulation of blood pH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the function of Nitrogen gas in blood plasma?

A

No known function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the function of hemoglobin?

A

Used to carry oxygen to all cells and to carry some carbon dioxide to the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Where is hemoglobin found?

A

Red blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Each hemoglobin molecule contains what?

A

An iron ion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What does the iron ion do in Hemoglobin?

A

Allows each molecule to bind four oxygen molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the shape of Red blood Cells? And what is the benefit?

A

Biconcave discs, this shape allows them to carry oxygen more efficiently

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Hemoglobin is involved in regulating what?

A

Blood flow and blood pressure via the release of nitric oxide (NO)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does Nitric Oxide do?

A

Causes vasodilation, which improves blood flow and enhances oxygen delivery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is carbonic anhydrase?

A

Found within the red blood cells and catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Carbonic acid transports how much of carbon dioxide in the plasma?

A

70%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Red blood cells live for how long?

A

120 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is erythropoiesis

A

Production of red blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is reticlocytes?

A

Immature red blood cells (enter the circulation and mature in 1-2 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Leukocytes are classified as what?

A

Two things

  1. Granular
  2. Agranular
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What does granular mean?

A

containing vesicles that appear when the cells are stained

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What does agranular mean?

A

Containing no granules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is the life of a white blood cell?

A

White blood cells may live for several months or years; their main function is to combat invading microbes

33
Q

What is emigration (diapedesis)?

A

During invasion, many white blood cells are able to leave the bloodstream and collect at sites of invasion

34
Q

In general what does a elevated white blood cell count mean?

A

Infection or inflammation

35
Q

A differential white blood cell count helps determine what?

A

If a problem exists

36
Q

What does high neutrophils mean?

A

Bacterial infection, burns, stress, inflammation

37
Q

What does a low count of neutrophils mean?

A

Radiaion exposure

38
Q

What does high lymphocytes mean?

A

Viral infection

39
Q

What does low lymphocytes mean?

A

Prolonged illness

40
Q

What does high Monocytes mean?

A

Viral or fungal infection

41
Q

What does low Monocytes mean?

A

Bone marrow suppression

42
Q

What does high eosinophils mean?

A

Allergic reactions

43
Q

What does low eosinophils mean?

A

Drug toxicity, stress, acute allergy reactions

44
Q

What does high count of basophils mean?

A

Allergic reaction

45
Q

What does low levels of basophils mean?

A

Pregnancy, ovulation, stress, hypothyroidism

46
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

Clot the blood

47
Q

What do megakaryocytes do?

A

In red bone marrow, splinter into 2000-3000 fragments to create the platelets that contain many vesicles but no nucleus.

48
Q

How long can platelets survive for?

A

5-9 days

49
Q

What is the process of hemostasis?

A
  1. vascular spasm
  2. platelet plug formation
  3. blood clotting (coagulation)
50
Q

Blood clotting can be activated in what two ways?

A
  1. Extrinsic pathway
  2. Intrinsic pathway
51
Q

Once a clot forms what happens?

A

It retracts to pull the edges of the damaged vessel together

52
Q

What are plasmin?

A

An enzyme that is part of the fibrinolytic system that dissolves small unwanted clots

53
Q

What does Vitamin K do for hemostasis?

A

synthesis of 4 clotting factors

54
Q

Blood is characterized into different blood groups based on what?

A

The presence or absence of glycoprotein and glycolipid antigens on the surface of red blood cells

55
Q

There are how many blood groups and how many antigens?

A

24 blood groups and more then 100 antigens

56
Q

Blood plasma usually contains what? And what do they react with what?

A

Blood plasma usually contains A or B antigens

57
Q

An individual will not have agglutinins against what?

A

Their own blood type

58
Q

What are two types of arteries?

A
  1. Elastic arteries
  2. Muscular arteries
59
Q

What is Elastic arteries (conducting arteries)?

A
  1. Have a large diameter
  2. More elastic fibres, less smooth muscle
  3. Function as pressure reservoir
60
Q

What is muscular arteries (distributing arteries)?

A
  1. Medium diameter
  2. More smooth muscle, fewer fibres
  3. Distribute blood to various parts of the blood
61
Q

What are arterioles?

A
  1. Delivers blood from arteries to capillary network of body tissues
  2. Taper to capillary to capillary junction
  3. Composed of three layers
62
Q

Between arteriole walls and arteries, which walls are thinner?

A

Arterioles

63
Q

What are capillaries?

A

They are microscopic vessels that usually connect arterioles to venules

64
Q

What is the composition of capillary walls?

A

They are composed of a single layer of cells and basement membrane.

65
Q

Because their walls are so thin, capillaries permit the exchange of of what?

A

Exchange of nutrients and wastes between blood and tissue cells

66
Q

Capillaries branch to form what?

A

An extensive capillary network throughout the tissues and are found near almost every cell in the body

67
Q

What are venules?

A
  1. Small vessels that are formed by the union of several capillaries
  2. Drain blood from capillaries into veins
68
Q

What are veins formed of?

A

The union of several venules

69
Q

Between the arteries and veins what are some differences?

A
  1. Veins have thinner tunica intima and tunica media, and a thicker tunica Adventitia
  2. Veins have less elastic tissue and less smooth muscle than arteries
  3. Veins contain valves
70
Q

What is blood flow?

A

The volume of blood that flows through any tissue in a given time period

71
Q

What is Cardiac output?

A

Total blood flow, the volume of blood that circulates through systemic (or pulmonary) blood vessels each minute

72
Q

What generates Blood pressure?

A

Contraction of ventricles

73
Q

The higher the BP the greater the what?

A

Blood flow

74
Q

BP is determined by what?

A
  1. CO
  2. Blood volume
  3. Vascular
75
Q

What is shock?

A

Inadequate CO that results in failure of the CV system to meet the metabolic demands of body cells

76
Q

What are four types of shock?

A
  1. Hypovolemic
  2. Cardio genic
  3. Vascular
  4. Obstructive
77
Q

What are signs and symptoms of shock?

A
  1. Clammy, cool, pale skin
  2. Tachycardia
  3. Weak, rapid pulse
  4. Sweating
  5. Hypotension
  6. Altered mental status
  7. Decreased urinary output
  8. Thirst
  9. Acidosis
78
Q

If cell membrane dysfunction and cell metabolism is abnormal what happens?

A

Cell death may occur

79
Q

What are results of imbalances of blood and cardiovascular system?

A
  1. Anemia
  2. Hemphila
  3. Leukaemia
  4. Myocardial infarction
  5. Hypertension
  6. Arteriosclerosis