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ANPH 209 > Chapter 19 The Blood and Blood vessels > Flashcards

Chapter 19 The Blood and Blood vessels Flashcards

1
Q

What is Blood?

A

A liquid connective tissue consisting of cells surrounded by a liquid matrix

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2
Q

What does blood transports?

A
  1. Oxygen
  2. Carbon dioxide
  3. Nutrients
  4. Hormones
  5. Heat
  6. Waste products
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3
Q

What does blood regulate?

A
  1. Hemostasis of all body fluids
  2. pH
  3. Body temperature
  4. Water content of cells
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4
Q

Blood protects against what?

A

Excessive loss by clotting and uses what blood cells to protect against infection

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5
Q

What are the cellular components (formed elements) of blood?

A
  1. Red blood cells
  2. White blood cells
  3. Platelets
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6
Q

The plasma portion of blood consists of what?

A
  1. Water
  2. Proteins
  3. other solutes
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7
Q

What is the function of water in blood?

A
  1. Solvent and suspending medium
  2. Absorbs
  3. Transports
  4. Resists heat
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8
Q

What is the function of blood plasma proteins?

A

Responsible for colloid osmotic pressure.
1. Major contributors to blood viscosity.
2. Transport hormones (steroid)
3. Transport fatty acids,
4. Transport calcium.
5. Help regulate blood pH

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9
Q

What is the function of Albumins?

A
  1. Help maintain osmotic pressure
  2. Exchange of fluids across blood capillary walls
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10
Q

What are globulins functions?

A

Immunoglobulins help attack viruses and bacteria.
Alpha and beta globulins transports
1. Iron
2. lipids
3. Fat soluble vitamins

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11
Q

What is the function of fibrinogen?

A

Plays essential role in blood clotting

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12
Q

What is the function of electrolytes?

A

Help maintain osmotic pressure and play essential roles in cell functions

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13
Q

What is the function of nutrients in blood plasma?

A

Essential role in cell functions, growth, and development

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14
Q

What is the function of O2?

A

Important to many cellular functions

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15
Q

What is the function of Carbon Dioxide in plasma?

A

Involved in the regulation of blood pH

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16
Q

What is the function of Nitrogen gas in blood plasma?

A

No known function

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17
Q

What is the function of hemoglobin?

A

Used to carry oxygen to all cells and to carry some carbon dioxide to the lungs

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18
Q

Where is hemoglobin found?

A

Red blood cells

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19
Q

Each hemoglobin molecule contains what?

A

An iron ion.

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20
Q

What does the iron ion do in Hemoglobin?

A

Allows each molecule to bind four oxygen molecules

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21
Q

What is the shape of Red blood Cells? And what is the benefit?

A

Biconcave discs, this shape allows them to carry oxygen more efficiently

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22
Q

Hemoglobin is involved in regulating what?

A

Blood flow and blood pressure via the release of nitric oxide (NO)

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23
Q

What does Nitric Oxide do?

A

Causes vasodilation, which improves blood flow and enhances oxygen delivery

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24
Q

What is carbonic anhydrase?

A

Found within the red blood cells and catalyzes the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid

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25
Q

Carbonic acid transports how much of carbon dioxide in the plasma?

A

70%

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26
Q

Red blood cells live for how long?

A

120 days

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27
Q

What is erythropoiesis

A

Production of red blood cells

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28
Q

What is reticlocytes?

A

Immature red blood cells (enter the circulation and mature in 1-2 days

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29
Q

Leukocytes are classified as what?

A

Two things

  1. Granular
  2. Agranular
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30
Q

What does granular mean?

A

containing vesicles that appear when the cells are stained

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31
Q

What does agranular mean?

A

Containing no granules

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32
Q

What is the life of a white blood cell?

A

White blood cells may live for several months or years; their main function is to combat invading microbes

33
Q

What is emigration (diapedesis)?

A

During invasion, many white blood cells are able to leave the bloodstream and collect at sites of invasion

34
Q

In general what does a elevated white blood cell count mean?

A

Infection or inflammation

35
Q

A differential white blood cell count helps determine what?

A

If a problem exists

36
Q

What does high neutrophils mean?

A

Bacterial infection, burns, stress, inflammation

37
Q

What does a low count of neutrophils mean?

A

Radiaion exposure

38
Q

What does high lymphocytes mean?

A

Viral infection

39
Q

What does low lymphocytes mean?

A

Prolonged illness

40
Q

What does high Monocytes mean?

A

Viral or fungal infection

41
Q

What does low Monocytes mean?

A

Bone marrow suppression

42
Q

What does high eosinophils mean?

A

Allergic reactions

43
Q

What does low eosinophils mean?

A

Drug toxicity, stress, acute allergy reactions

44
Q

What does high count of basophils mean?

A

Allergic reaction

45
Q

What does low levels of basophils mean?

A

Pregnancy, ovulation, stress, hypothyroidism

46
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

Clot the blood

47
Q

What do megakaryocytes do?

A

In red bone marrow, splinter into 2000-3000 fragments to create the platelets that contain many vesicles but no nucleus.

48
Q

How long can platelets survive for?

49
Q

What is the process of hemostasis?

A
  1. vascular spasm
  2. platelet plug formation
  3. blood clotting (coagulation)
50
Q

Blood clotting can be activated in what two ways?

A
  1. Extrinsic pathway
  2. Intrinsic pathway
51
Q

Once a clot forms what happens?

A

It retracts to pull the edges of the damaged vessel together

52
Q

What are plasmin?

A

An enzyme that is part of the fibrinolytic system that dissolves small unwanted clots

53
Q

What does Vitamin K do for hemostasis?

A

synthesis of 4 clotting factors

54
Q

Blood is characterized into different blood groups based on what?

A

The presence or absence of glycoprotein and glycolipid antigens on the surface of red blood cells

55
Q

There are how many blood groups and how many antigens?

A

24 blood groups and more then 100 antigens

56
Q

Blood plasma usually contains what? And what do they react with what?

A

Blood plasma usually contains A or B antigens

57
Q

An individual will not have agglutinins against what?

A

Their own blood type

58
Q

What are two types of arteries?

A
  1. Elastic arteries
  2. Muscular arteries
59
Q

What is Elastic arteries (conducting arteries)?

A
  1. Have a large diameter
  2. More elastic fibres, less smooth muscle
  3. Function as pressure reservoir
60
Q

What is muscular arteries (distributing arteries)?

A
  1. Medium diameter
  2. More smooth muscle, fewer fibres
  3. Distribute blood to various parts of the blood
61
Q

What are arterioles?

A
  1. Delivers blood from arteries to capillary network of body tissues
  2. Taper to capillary to capillary junction
  3. Composed of three layers
62
Q

Between arteriole walls and arteries, which walls are thinner?

A

Arterioles

63
Q

What are capillaries?

A

They are microscopic vessels that usually connect arterioles to venules

64
Q

What is the composition of capillary walls?

A

They are composed of a single layer of cells and basement membrane.

65
Q

Because their walls are so thin, capillaries permit the exchange of of what?

A

Exchange of nutrients and wastes between blood and tissue cells

66
Q

Capillaries branch to form what?

A

An extensive capillary network throughout the tissues and are found near almost every cell in the body

67
Q

What are venules?

A
  1. Small vessels that are formed by the union of several capillaries
  2. Drain blood from capillaries into veins
68
Q

What are veins formed of?

A

The union of several venules

69
Q

Between the arteries and veins what are some differences?

A
  1. Veins have thinner tunica intima and tunica media, and a thicker tunica Adventitia
  2. Veins have less elastic tissue and less smooth muscle than arteries
  3. Veins contain valves
70
Q

What is blood flow?

A

The volume of blood that flows through any tissue in a given time period

71
Q

What is Cardiac output?

A

Total blood flow, the volume of blood that circulates through systemic (or pulmonary) blood vessels each minute

72
Q

What generates Blood pressure?

A

Contraction of ventricles

73
Q

The higher the BP the greater the what?

A

Blood flow

74
Q

BP is determined by what?

A
  1. CO
  2. Blood volume
  3. Vascular
75
Q

What is shock?

A

Inadequate CO that results in failure of the CV system to meet the metabolic demands of body cells

76
Q

What are four types of shock?

A
  1. Hypovolemic
  2. Cardio genic
  3. Vascular
  4. Obstructive
77
Q

What are signs and symptoms of shock?

A
  1. Clammy, cool, pale skin
  2. Tachycardia
  3. Weak, rapid pulse
  4. Sweating
  5. Hypotension
  6. Altered mental status
  7. Decreased urinary output
  8. Thirst
  9. Acidosis
78
Q

If cell membrane dysfunction and cell metabolism is abnormal what happens?

A

Cell death may occur

79
Q

What are results of imbalances of blood and cardiovascular system?

A
  1. Anemia
  2. Hemphila
  3. Leukaemia
  4. Myocardial infarction
  5. Hypertension
  6. Arteriosclerosis

ANPH 209 (22 decks)

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