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ANPH 209 > Chapter 24 The digestive system > Flashcards

Chapter 24 The digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Gastrointestinal (GI) Tract?

A

Long tube that is open at both ends for the transit of food during processing

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2
Q

What are the named portions of the GI tube?

A
  1. Esophagus
  2. Stomach
  3. Small intestine
  4. Large intestine
  5. Rectum
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3
Q

What are accessory structures of the GI tract?

A
  1. Teeth
  2. Tongue
  3. Salivary glands
  4. Liver
  5. Gall bladder
  6. Pancreas
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4
Q

What are the function of the accessory structures of the GI tract?

A

Not part of the GI tract but they do contribute to food processing

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5
Q

What are six basic processes involved in digestion

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Secretion
  3. Motility
  4. Digestion
  5. Absorption
  6. Defecation
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6
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

Largest Serous membrane in the body

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7
Q

What is the mouth?

A

Formed by
1. Cheeks
2. Hard and soft palate
3. Tongue

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8
Q

What are the salivary glands?

A
  1. Lie outside the mouth
  2. Empty contents into ducts which delivery saliva into oral cavity
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9
Q

What are the functions of the salivary glands?

A
  1. Dissolve food
  2. Moisten food
  3. Enzyme release
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10
Q

What are the teeth?

A

Project into the mouth and are adapted for mechanical digestion

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11
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A

Salivary amylase converts polysaccharides to disaccharides

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12
Q

What is mechanical digestion?

A

Chewing mixes food with saliva and forms a bolus which can be easily swallowed

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13
Q

What do the extrinsic tongue muscles do?

A
  1. Food maneuvered for mastication
  2. Shaped into bolus
  3. Maneuvered for swallowing
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14
Q

What are the intrinsic tongue muscles?

A

Swallowing and speech

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15
Q

What are the taste buds?

A

receptors for gustation and presence of food in mouth

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16
Q

What are the lingual glands?

A

Secrete lingual lipase

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17
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

Funnel shaped tube that extends from the internal nares to the esophagus posteriorly and to the larynx anteriorly

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18
Q

What is the pharynx composed of?

A

Skeletal muscle and lined with mucous membrane

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19
Q

What is the esophagus?

A

Collapsible, muscular tube that lies posterior to the trachea and connects the pharynx to the stomach

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20
Q

What does the esophagus do in the upper relaxation phase?

A

Permits entry of bolus from laryngopharynx into the esophagus

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21
Q

What does the esophagus do during the deglutition (peristalsis) phase?

A

Pushes down esophagus

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22
Q

What does the esophagus do during the lower relaxation phase?

A

Permits entry of bolus into the stomach

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23
Q

What does the esophagus do during the secretion of mucus stage?

A

Lubricates esophagus for smooth passage

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24
Q

What are the functions of the stomach?

A
  1. Mixes saliva, food, and gastric juice to form chyme
  2. Serves as reservoir for food before release into small intestine
  3. Secretes gastric juice, which contains HCL, Pepsin, Intrinsic factor, and gastric lipase
  4. Secrets gastrin into the blood
25
Q

What does the surface mucous cells do?

A
  1. Secrets mucus
  2. form protective barrier that prevents digestion of stomach wall
26
Q

What does mucous neck cells do?

A
  1. Absorption
  2. Small quantity of water, ions, short chain fatty acids, and some drugs enter bloodstream
27
Q

What does parietal cells do?

A
  1. Secrete intrinsic factor: Needed for absorption of VB12
  2. Secrete hydrochloric acid: kills microbes in food
28
Q

What are chief cells?

A
  1. Secrete pepsin: breaks down proteins into peptides
  2. Secrete gastric lipase: splits triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides
29
Q

What are G cells?

A

Secrete gastrin: Stimulates parietal cells to secrete HCL and chief cells to secrete pepsin

30
Q

What is the muscular layer of the stomach?

A

Mixing waves: churns and physically breaks down food and mixes it with gastric juice

31
Q

What is the pyloric sphincter?

A

Opens to permit passage of chyme into duodenum

32
Q

What is the pancreas?

A
  1. Lies posterior to stomach
  2. Produces enzymes that digest carbs, proteins, fats and nucleic acids
  3. Produces sodium bicarb which buffers stomach acid
  4. empties into the duodenum
33
Q

What does the liver make?

A

Bile, which is important for the emulsification of fats

34
Q

What does the gallbladder do?

A

Stores bile

35
Q

What is the small intestine?

A

Majority of digestion and absorption happens here

36
Q

What are the circular folds in the small intestine?

A

They increase the surface area for digestion and absorption in the small intestine

37
Q

What are the functions of the small intestine?

A
  1. Segmentations mix chyme with digestive juices and bring food into contact with mucosa for absorption: peristalsis propels chyme through small intestine
  2. Completes digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids; begins and completes digestion of nuclei acids
  3. Absorbs about 90% of nutrients and water that pass through digestive system
38
Q

What does the pancreas do?

A

Delivers pancreatic juice into duodenum via pancreatic duct to assist in absorption

39
Q

What does the intestinal glands do?

A

Secrete intestinal juice to assist absorption

40
Q

What are absorption cells?

A

Digest and absorb nutrients

41
Q

What does goblet cells do?

A

Secrete mucus

42
Q

What does enteroendocrine cells do?

A

Secrete secretin, cholecystokinin, and glucose dependent insulin tropic peptides

43
Q

What does paneth cells do?

A

Secrete lysozyme, and phagocytosis

44
Q

What are the duodenal glands?

A

Secrete alkaline fluid to buffer stomach acids and mucus for protection and lubrication

45
Q

What are the circular folds?

A

Folds of mucosa and submucosa that increase area for digestion and absorption

46
Q

What are interstitial villi?

A

Finger like projections of mucosa that are sites of absorption of digested food and increase surface area for digestion and absorption

47
Q

What are microvilli?

A

Microscopic, membrane covered projections of absorptive epithelial cells that contain microvillous boarder enzymes and increase surface area for digestion and absorption

48
Q

What is segmentation?

A

Type of peristalsis; alternating contractions of circular smooth muscle fibres that produce segmentation and resegmentation of secretions of small intestines; mix chyme with digestive juices and brings food into contact with mucosa for absorption.

49
Q

What are the functions of the colon?

A
  1. Haustral churning, peristalsis, and mass peristalsis
  2. Bacteria in colon convert proteins into amino acids, break down amino acids, and produce some B vitamins
  3. Absorption of some water, ions, and vitamins
  4. Formation of feces
  5. Defecation
50
Q

What is Haustral churning?

A

Distension reaches a certain point and the walls of the haustra contract to squeeze contents onwards

51
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

Propulsive contractions

52
Q

What is mass peristalsis?

A

A strong peristaltic wave that begins in the transverse colon and quickly drives the contents of the colon into the rectum

53
Q

What is chemical digestion in the colon?

A

The last stages of digestion which occurs through bacterial action
1. Substances are further broken down by bacteria
2. Some vitamins are synthesized by bacterial action

54
Q

How are carbs chemically digested?

A
  1. Monosaccharides
  2. Salivary amylase
  3. Pancreatic amylase
55
Q

How are proteins chemical digested?

A
  1. Amino acids
  2. Pepsin
  3. Trypsin
  4. Peptides
56
Q

How are Lipids digested chemically?

A
  1. Triglycerides
  2. Biles
  3. Lipase
57
Q

How are nucleic acids chemically digested?

A
  1. Nucleotides
  2. Pancreatic nucleus
  3. Brush border enzymes
58
Q

What does the colon absorb?

A
  1. Water
  2. Electrolytes
  3. Some vitamins
59
Q

What is the defecation reflex?

A
  1. Rectal walls distends and stretch receptors send sensory nerve impulses to the sacral spinal cord
  2. Motor impulses travel back to the descending colon, sigmoid, rectum, and anus
  3. Longitudinal rectal muscles contract and the internal anal sphincter opens

ANPH 209 (22 decks)

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