Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ANPH 209 > Chapter 16/17 Special Senses > Flashcards

Chapter 16/17 Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

What is sensation?

A

The conscious or subconscious awareness of change in the external or internal environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is perception?

A

The conscious interpretation of sensations performed mainly by the cerebral cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a sensory modality?

A

each type of sensation.
1. touch
2. pain
3. vision
4. hearing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Sensory modalities are grouped into what?

A

Either general senses or special senses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are general senses?

A

Somatic or visceral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are somatic senses?

A

Tactile, thermal or proprioceptive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are visceral senses?

A

Pressure, chemicals, stretch, nausea, hunger, temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are some of the special senses?

A

Smell, taste, vision, hearing, and equilibrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Different types of what are used in the different senses?

A

Sensory receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What kind of sense is smell?

A

Chemical sense

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The human nose contains how many receptors for smell

A

10 to 100 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where is the sense of smell located?

A

Olfactory epithelium of the superior part of the nasal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The olfactory epithelium covers what surface?

A

The inferior surface of the cribriform plate (of the ethmoid bone of the skull) and extends along the superior nasal concha

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 3 types of olfactory cells?

A
  1. Olfactory receptor cells
  2. Supporting cells
  3. Basal cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the supporting cells (columnar epithelium) in the nose?

A

Located in the mucous membrane lining the nose and used for physical support, nourishment and electrical insulation of olfactory receptor cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What do basal stem cells do?

A

They undergo mitosis to replace olfactory receptor cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are olfactory glands (bowman’s glands):

A

They produce mucus that is used to dissolve odor molecules so that transduction may occur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How do the nasal mucosa send impulses along branches of olfactory nerves?

A
  1. through the cribriform plate
  2. synapse with the olfactory bulb
  3. Impulses travel along the olfactory tract
  4. Interpretation in the primary olfactory area in the cerebral cortex (temporal lobe)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is olfactory transduction?

A

The binding of an odorant molecule to an olfactory receptor protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How does Olfactory transduction work?

A
  1. Chemical reactions involving cyclic AMP (cAMP) cause depolarization
  2. Action potential travels to the primary olfactory area
  3. Impulse travels to the frontal lobe (orbitofrontal area) for odor identification
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Taste is what kind of sense?

A

Chemical, but is simpler then olfactory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the five primary tastes?

A
  1. sour
  2. sweet
  3. bitter
  4. salt
  5. umami (meaty, savory, and usually a combination of the other four senses)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are taste buds?

A

Receptors for the sensation of taste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How many taste buds are found on the tongue?

A

~ 10,000

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Taste buds come contain what three kinds of epithelial cells?

A
  1. support cells
  2. gustatory receptor cells
  3. basal stem cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Where can taste buds be found?

A

tongue, soft palate, pharynx, and epiglottis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are papillae?

A

Elevations on the tongue where taste buds are located

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are the fourtypes of papillae?

A
  1. vallate papillae
  2. fungiform papillae
  3. foliate papillae
  4. Filiform papillae
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are vallate papillae?

A

About 12 that contain 100-300 taste buds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are fungiform papillae?

A

Scattered over the tongue with about 5 taste buds each

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are foliate papillae?

A

located in the lateral trenches of the tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are filiform papillae?

A

They cover the entire surface of the tongue, and they
1. Contain tactile receptors but not taste buds
2. increased friction to make it easier for the tongue to move food within the mouth

33
Q

What are the three cranial nerves that are involved in the sense of taste?

A
  1. facial (VII) nerve
  2. glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve
  3. Vagus (X) nerve
34
Q

What is the facial (VII) nerve?

A

Carries taste information form the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

35
Q

What does the glossopharyngeal (IX) nerve?

A

Carries taste information from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue

36
Q

What is the vagus (X) nerve?

A

Carries taste information from taste buds on the epiglottis and in the throat

37
Q

What is vision?

A

When we use visible light which is part of the electromagnetic spectrum with wavelengths from about 400 to 700 nm

38
Q

What is a wavelength?

A

The distance between two consecutive peaks of an electromagnetic wave

39
Q

What are the accessory structures of the eyes?

A
  1. Eyelids
  2. Eyelashes
  3. Eyebrows
  4. Lacrimal apparatus
  5. extrinsic eye muscles
40
Q

What are the palpebral muscles?

A

Control eye movement

41
Q

What are extrinsic eye muscles responsible for?

A

Responsible for moving the eyeball itself in all directions

42
Q

What is the conjunctiva?

A

Thin, protective mucous membrane that lines the eyelids and covers the sclera

43
Q

What is the tarsal plate?

A

A fold of connective tissue that gives form to the eyelids

44
Q

What structure contains a row of sebaceous glands that keeps the eyelids from sticking to each other?

A

The tarsal plate

45
Q

Why can the eye move in almost any direction?

A

It can due to the six extrinsic eye muscles.

46
Q

What are the six extrinsic eye muscles?

A
  1. superior rectus
  2. inferior rectus
  3. lateral rectus
  4. medial rectus
  5. superior oblique
  6. inferior oblique
47
Q

What are the layers of the eyeball?

A

Contain three layers
1. fibrous layer
2. vascular layer
3. inner nervous layer

48
Q

What is the fibrous layer?

A

Sclera and Cornea

49
Q

What is the vascular layer?

A

Choroid, ciliary body, iris

50
Q

What is the inner nervous layer of the eye?

A

Retina

51
Q

What does the iris do?

A

Colored portion of the eyeball that controls the size of the pupil based on autonomic reflexes

52
Q

Where does the retina lie in the eyeball?

A

The posterior 3/4’s of the inner layer

53
Q

What is the optic disk?

A

The point at which the optic nerve exists the eye, which is also the blind spot

54
Q

What is the macula lutea?

A

The exact center of the retina, in its center is the fovea centralis

55
Q

What is the fovea centralis?

A

The area of highest visual acuity

56
Q

What are the photoreceptors on the retina?

A

Rods and cones

57
Q

What do Rods do?

A

See in dim light

58
Q

What do Cones do?

A

Produce color vision

59
Q

How does information flow for vision?

A

1.Starting from photoreceptors
2. information flows through the outer synaptic layer
3.To bipolar cells through the inner synaptic layer
4.To ganglion cells

60
Q

How does the iris divide the eye?

A

It divides the eye into a anterior and posterior chamber

61
Q

What is the anterior chamber?

A

Between the iris and cornea, and is filled with aqueous humor

62
Q

What is the posterior chamber?

A

Lies behind the iris and in front of the lens and is also filled with aqueous humor

63
Q

What lies beyond the posterior chamber of the eye?

A

The posterior cavity which is filled with transparent, gelatinous substance, the vitreous humor

64
Q

Images focused on the retina are what?

A

Inverted and right to left reversed due to refraction; the brain corrects the image

65
Q

What structures does light flow through?

A
  1. cornea
  2. Anterior chamber
  3. pupil
  4. lens
  5. Posterior chamber
  6. virtreous humor
  7. retina
66
Q

What is binocular vision?

A

When the anterior location of our eyes lead to visual field overlap

67
Q

What is emmetropic mean?

A

When the eye refracts light correctly and focus a clear image on the retina

68
Q

What is myopia?

A

Nearsightedness, concave lens to correct

69
Q

What is Hyperopia?

A

Farsightedness, convex lens to correct

70
Q

What is astigmatism?

A

Condition where either the cornea or the lens (or both) has an irregular curve. This leads to blurred or distorted vision

71
Q

How much faster is the transduction of sound vibrations by the ear’s sensory receptors into electrical signals then the eyes photoreceptors?

A

About 1000x faster

72
Q

Ear is divided into how many parts ?

A

Three parts
1. External ear
2. Middle ear
3. Internal ear

73
Q

What does the external ear contain?

A

auricle (pinna), external auditory canal, and the tympanic membrane

74
Q

What are the three bones of the ear?

A
  1. Malleus
  2. Incus
  3. Stapes
75
Q

What does the auditory tube do?

A

From the middle ear into the nasopharynx to regular air pressure in the middle air

76
Q

What does the inner ear contain?

A

Cochlea

77
Q

What does the cochlea do?

A

Translates vibrations into neural impulses that the brain can interpret as sound, and the semicircular canals that work with the cerebellum for balance and equilibrium

78
Q

Vibrations are transmitted from the stapes through what?

A

The oval window to the cochlea as fluid pressure waves and are transmitted into the perilymph of the scala vestibuli

ANPH 209 (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions