Chapter 6 Flashcards by Z Q

*How does the internal organization of Eukaryotic cells allow them to perform the functions of life?

Energy and matter transformations - 2. Interactions with the enviroment - 3. Genetic information storage and transmission

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Light microscope (LM)

Visible light is passed through the specimen and then through glass lenses. The lenses refract (bend) the light in such a way that the image is maginified

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Organelles

membrane enclosed structures within eukaryoric cells divide the cell into compartments / small organs

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Electron microscope (EM)

focuses a beam of electrons through the specimen or onto its surface

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What are the 3 important parameters in microscopy?

Magnification, resolution and contrast

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Scanning electron microscope (SEM)

Electron beam scans the surface of the sample, usually coated with thin film of gold. The beam excites electrons on the surface and the secondary electrons are detected by the device that translates the pattern into a electronic signal

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Transmission electron microscope (TEM)

Used to study internal structure of cells. Aims an electron beam through a very thin section of the specimen. The specimen has been stained with atoms of heavy metals, which attach to certain cellular structures . The images displays the pattern of transmitted electrons

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Cell fractionation

techinque for studying cell structure and function. Takes cells apart and seperates major organelles and other subcellular structures from one another

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Eukaryotic cells consist of what kingdoms

protists, fungi, animals and plants

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Prokaryotic cells consists of what domains

Bacteria and Archaea

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Cells

The basic structural and functional units of every organism

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Cytosol

Jellylike substance inside the cell which subcellular components are suspended

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Chromosomes

carry genes in the form of DNA

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Ribosomes

tiny complexes that make protiens according to instructions from genes

Cells protein factories

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What is the major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

MAIN DIFFERNCE: the location of their DNA

Prokaryotic cells:

lacks a nucleus & organelles
Unicellular
Has a nucleoid region

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What is the meaning or Eukaryotic?

“true nucleus”

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What is the meaning on prokaryotic?

“before nucleus”

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Nucleiod

In prokaryotic cells, a non membrane enclosed region where the DNA is concentrated

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Cytoplasm

Interior of both types of cells. In Eukaryotic cells this refers only to the region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane

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Plasma membrane AKA cell membrane

Functions as a selective barrier that allows passage of oxygen, nutrients and waste to serve the entire cell.

Helps maintain homostatis

phospholipid bilayer

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Microvilli

Membrane projections that increase the cells surface area

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Nucleus

Contains most of genes in eukaryotic cell

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Nuclear envelope

Encloses the nucleus, separating its contents from the cytoplasm Double membrane, lipid bilayer with associated proteins

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Nuclear lamina

A netlike array of protein filaments that maintains shape of nucleus

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Chromatin

DNA and proteins making up chromosomes

Nucleolus

Structure within the non dividing nucleus Where RNA is synthesized from genes in DNA Also proteins imported from cytoplasm are assembled into large and small subunits of ribosomes

What are the two types of ribosomes?

Free ribosomes found suspended in the cytosol Bound ribosomes attached to the outside of nuclear envelope

Endomembrane system

Different membrane bounded organelles, included nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, varies kinds of vesicles and vacuoles and the plasma membrane

What functions do the endomembrane system carry out?

Synthesis of proteins Transport of proteins into membranes and organelles or out of the cell Metabolism and movement of lipids Detoxification of poisons

Vesicles

Sacs made of membrane

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Extensive network of membranes Endoplasmic Means “within the cytoplasm” reticulum means “ little net”

What are the 2 distinct regions of ER?

Smooth and rough

Smooth ER

Outer surface lacks ribosomes

Rough ER

Outer surface studded with ribosomes

What are the functions of the smooth ER?

Synthesis of lipids Metabolism of carbs Detoxify drugs and poisons Storage of calcium ions

What are the functions of the rough ER?

Makes secretory proteins Membrane factory for the cell

Glycoproteins

Proteins with carbs covalently bonded to them

Golgi apparatus

Warehouse for receiving, sorting, shipping and even some manufacturing

What are the 2 sides of golgi stack called?

Cis face and trans face

What does the cis face side of Golgi apparatus do?

Receiving side

What does the trans face side of Golgi apparatus do?

Shipping side

Lysosome

A membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that many eukaryotic cells use to digest macromolecules

Phagocytosis

Amoebas and many other universities protists eat by engulfing smaller organisms or food particles

Vacuoles

Large vesicles derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus

What are the 3 kinds of vacuoles?

Food Contractile Central

Contractile vacuoles

Pump excess water out of cell

Central vacuole

Plays major role in growth of plant cells

Mitochondria

Sites of cellular respiration

Chloroplasts

The site of photosynthesis

Cristae

Inner membrane of mitochondria

Mitochondrial matrix

Contains many different enzymes as well as DNA and ribosomes. Enclosed by inner membrane of mitochondria

Thylakoids

Chloroplast membrane system. Flattened interconnected sacs

Grana

Thylakoids stacked like poker chips

Storma

Fluid outside thylakoids Contains chloroplast dna and ribosomes as well as enzymes

Peroxisome

Specialized metabolic compartment bound by a single membrane

Name the parts of the Prokaryotic cell

1. Cell Membrane / plasma membrane 2. Cell wall 3. Capsule 4. Ribosomes 5. Cytoplasm 6. Nucleoid (DNA) 7. 8. Cili 9. Flagel

What are the 3 parts of the cell theory?

1. Cells are fundamental units of life 2. All living organisms are composed of cells 3. All cells arise from preexisting cells\*

Larger organisms have more cells not ..

Larger cells

What are the 4 structures present in all cells?

1. Plasma membrane 2. Semi fluid / cytoplasm 3. chromosomes (carry genes) 4. Ribosomes (make protien)

What are the 4 functions of the plasma membrane?

1. Giving the cell shape 2. Regulate what goes in and out 3. protecting the cell 4. Giving the cell strength

What are the building blocks of the plasma membrane?

Phospholipid bilayer consisting of two hydrophobic fatty acid chains linked to a phosphate-containing hydrophilic head group

Nuclear pore

Channels in nuclear envelope