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Bio 189 > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell division

A

Reproduction of cells

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2
Q

Genome

A

A cells DNA , it’s genetic information

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3
Q

Chromosomes

A

Structures that DNA molecules are packed into Named bc they take up certain dyes used in microscopy Chroma - color, soma - body Each eukaryotic chromosome consists of one very long linear DNA molecule and many proteins

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4
Q

Chromatin

A

The entire complex of DNA and proteins that is the building material of chromosomes

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5
Q

Somatic cells

A

All human body cells except reproductive cells

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6
Q

Gametes

A

Reproductive cells such as sperm and eggs

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7
Q

Sister chromatids

A

Joined copies of original chromatids each containing an identical DNA molecule, attached by protein complexes called cohesins

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8
Q

Centromere

A

A region made up of a repetitive sequence In the chromosomal DNA where the chromatid is attached most closely to its sister chromatid

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9
Q

Mitosis

A

The division of genetic material in the nucleus

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10
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of the cytoplasm

May overlap telophase but is not part of mitosis

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11
Q

Meiosis

A

Yields daughter cells with only one set of chromosomes half as many as the parent cell In humans happens in special cells in ovaries or testes

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12
Q

Cell cycle

A

The life of a cell from being formed from parent cell to division to daughter cell

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13
Q

Mitotic (M) phase

A

Includes both mitosis and cytokinesis Shortest part of cell cycle

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14
Q

Interphase

A

Consists of G1 phase, S phase and G2 phase 90% of cell cycle

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15
Q

G1 phase

A

Metabolic activity and growth phase

synthesizes various enzymes and nutrients needed later for cell division

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16
Q

S phase

A

Duplication of chromosomes and cell continues to grow

*Check point in cell cycle*

Create replication origins

Starts to duplicate the DNA

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17
Q

G2 phase

A

Grows and completes preparation for cell division

  • Cell copies organelles and prepares for division
  • Check point - checks and repairs damaged DNA
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18
Q

What are the 5 stages of mitosis?

A

Prophase Prometaphase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

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19
Q

Prophase

A

Each duplicated chromosome appears as two identical sister chromatids joined at their centromeres (not yet visible)

Mitotic spindle begins to form

Nucleoli disappear

Duplicated centrosomes begin to move to opposite sides of the cell

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20
Q

Prometaphase

A

Nuclear envelope fragments

Microtubules invade the nuclear area

Chromosomes become even more condensed

Kinetochore a special protein has formed at the centromere of each chromosome

Microtubules lengthen the cell

Centrosomes move to opposite side of cell

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21
Q

Metaphase

A

Centrosomes are now at opposite poles of cell Chromosomes are all at metaphase plate

22
Q

Anaphase

A

The 2 sister chromatids separate Daughter chromosomes begin moving toward opposite ends of the cell The cell elongates

23
Q

Telophase

A

2 daughter cells form Nucleoli reappear Chromosomes become less condensed Any remaining spindle depolymerize Mitosis now complete

24
Q

Mitotic spindle

A

Begins to form in cytoplasm during prophase

Consists of fibers made of microtubules and associated proteins (centrosomes, microtubules and asters)

Uses microtubules from other parts of cytoplasm

25
Q

Centrosomes

A

Sub cellular region containing material that functions throughout the cell cycle to organize the cells microtubules

26
Q

Kinetochore

A

A structure made up of proteins that have assembled on specific sections to DNA at each centromere A chromosomes two kinetochores face in 2 opposite directions

27
Q

Metaphase plate

A

Imaginary midway

28
Q

Cleavage

A

Occurs during cytokinesis. Creates a small grove in cells surface near metaphase plate contracting the dividing cells until it pinches the parent cells into 2

29
Q

Cleave furrow

A

Shallow groove in cell surface area near old metaphase plate

30
Q

Cell plate

A

Vesicles move to middle Of cell collecting to create a cell plate dividing it into two

31
Q

Binary fission

A

“Division in half” refers to process of asexual reproduction of single cell eukaryotes such as amoeba

32
Q

Cell cycle control system

A

Cyclically operating set of molecules in that cell that triggers and coordinates key events in cell cycle

33
Q

Check point

A

Cell cycles control point where stop and go signals can regulate the cycle

34
Q

Cyclin

A

Protein that gets its name from its cyclically fluctuating concentration in the cell

35
Q

Cyclin dependent kinases or CDKS

A

Regulatory molecule in the cell cycle

36
Q

G0 phase

A

Non dividing state

37
Q

Growth factor

A

Protein released by certain cells that stimulate other cells to divide

38
Q

Density dependent inhibition

A

A phenomenon in which crowded cells stop dividing

39
Q

Anchorage dependence

A

To divide they must be attached to something

40
Q

Benign tumor

A

Abnormal cells remain at original site and don’t move or survive at another site Doesn’t cause serious problem s

41
Q

Malignant tumor

A

Genetic and cellular changes enable them to spread to new tissues and impair function of organs

42
Q

Metastasis

A

Spread of cancer cells to location distant from original site

43
Q

Ploidy

A

of chromosome sets in a cell

Set = “n”

44
Q

Haploid (n)

A

Has one set of chromosomes

Ex. Gametes

45
Q

Diploid (2n)

A

Two sets, homologous chromosomes

Ex. Somatic cells

46
Q

Homologous aka Homolog

A

are two pieces of DNA within a diploid organism which carry the same genes, one from each parental source

47
Q

Autosome

A

Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

48
Q

Karyotype

A

Number and size of chromosomes for a given organism

49
Q

Hemizygous

A

only 1 chromosome

50
Q

How do prokaryotes evolve?

A

Horizontal gene transfer

  1. Conjugation - from neighboring cell
  2. Transfromation - info from environment

Vertical gene transfer

  1. cell division with mutations after replication
51
Q

What process does Eukaryotic cells use to divide?

A

Mitosis and cell cycle

52
Q

What process do prokaryotic cells use to divide?

A

Binary fission

Bio 189 (22 decks)

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