Chapter 3

Question 1

Polar covalent bonds

Answer 1

The electrons of the covalent bonds spend more time closer to one atom than another

Question 2

Polar molecule

Answer 2

Overall charge is unevenly distributed

Question 3

Hydrogen bond

Answer 3

Partially positive hydrogen of one molecule is attracted to a partially negative of a nearby molecule

Question 4

Four emergent properties of water

Answer 4

Cohesive behavior
Ability to moderate temperature
Expansion upon freezing
Versatility as a solvent

Question 5

Cohesion

Answer 5

Water attracted to water

Like molecule sticking to eachother

Question 6

Surface tension

Answer 6

A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break surface of a liquid

Question 7

Adhesion

Answer 7

Water attracted to other substances

Substances attracted to other substances

Question 8

Kinetic energy

Answer 8

Anything that move

The energy of motion

Question 9

Thermal energy

Answer 9

Reflects total kinetic energy and depends on the Matters volume vs temp reflects average

Question 10

Temperature

Answer 10

The average kinetic energy of the molecules in a body of matter regardless of volume

Question 11

Heat

Answer 11

Thermal energy in transfer from one body of matter to another

Question 12

Calorie

Answer 12

The energy required to raise the temp of 1 gram of water by 1 degree c

Question 13

Kilocalorie

Answer 13

1,000 cal. Quantity of heat required to raise the temp of 1 kilogram of water by 1 c

Question 14

Joule

Answer 14

One joule equals 0.239 cal

Question 15

Specific heat

Answer 15

as the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of that substance to change its temp by 1 c

how well a substance resists changing its temp when it absorbs or releases heat

Question 16

Vaporization or evaporation

Answer 16

Transformation from liquid to gas

Molecules moving fast enough to overcome attractions to each other

Question 17

Heat of vaporization

Answer 17

quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1g of it to be converted from the liquid to the gas state

Question 18

Evaporative cooling

Answer 18

As liquid evaportates the surface of the liquid that remains behind cools down

This happens because the hottest molecules. the ones with the most kinetic energy leave as a gas

Question 19

Solution

Answer 19

A liquid that is a completely homogeneous mixture of 2 or more substances.

Homogeneous - consisting of parts all of the same kind.

Question 20

Solvent

Answer 20

The dissolving agent of the solution

Question 21

Solute

Answer 21

Substance that is dissolved

Question 22

aqueous solution

Answer 22

solute is dissolved in water and water is the solvent

Question 23

Hydration shell

Answer 23

The sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion

Question 24

Hydrophilic

Answer 24

Water loving

Question 25

Hydrophobic

Answer 25

Repel water Substances that are nonionic and non polar and therefore do not form hyrdogen bonds

Question 26

molecular mass

Answer 26

Sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule

Question 27

Mole

Answer 27

exact number of objects aka AVOGADROS NUMBER

Question 28

Molarity

Answer 28

Number of moles of solute per liter of solution

Question 29

Hydrogen ion (H+)

Answer 29

A single proton with a charge of 1+

Question 30

Hydroxide ion (OH-)

Answer 30

A water molecule that lost a proton which has a charge of 1-

Question 31

Hydronium ion (H3O+)

Answer 31

Water molecule with 3rd hydrogen proton

Question 32

Acid

Answer 32

Substances that increases the hydrogen ion concetration of a solution

Question 33

In an aqueous solution at 25c the product of H+ and OH - is at what constant concentration?

Answer 33

[H+] [OH-] = 10^14

Question 34

What PH value denotes an acidic solution?

Answer 34

7 or less

Question 35

What PH value denotes a basic solution?

Answer 35

7 or higher

Question 36

How much of a difference does 1 ph unit represent?

Answer 36

10 fold Example 10 to the number of ph difference power 10^4 if 4 levels difference (10x10x10x10)

Question 37

What is the internal PH of most living cells?

Answer 37

Close to 7

Question 38

Buffer

Answer 38

Is a substance that minimizes changes in the concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution

Question 39

Ocean acidification

Answer 39

Alters the delicate balance of the conditions for life in the oceans