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Bio 189 > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Meiosis

A

a special type of cell division that produces cells with half the chromosomes of the parent cell.

Only occures in specializd cells like the ovaries and testes

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2
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have ?

A

46

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3
Q

Fertilization

A

unites a sperm and an egg, reestablishing pairs of homologous chromosomes, with both paternal and maternal genes

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4
Q

Heredity

A

The transmission of traits from one generation to the next

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5
Q

Variation

A

Sons and daighters are not idential copies of their parents, there are some differences

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6
Q

Genetics

A

The study of heredity and variation

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7
Q

Genes

A

Coded information in the form of heredity units

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8
Q

Gametes

A

Reproductive cells in plants and animals

Vehicles that transmit genes from one generation to another

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9
Q

Somatic cells

A

All cells of the body except the gametes

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10
Q

Locus

A

A genes specific location along the length of a chromosome

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11
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

a single individual is the sole parent and passes copies of all its genes to its offspring without the fusion of gametes

Virtually exact copies of parent

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12
Q

Clone

A

an individual or group of individuals that are identlical to the parent

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13
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Two parents give rise to offspring that have unique combinations of genes inherited from two parents

Not exact replica’s but have similar traits

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14
Q

Life cycle

A

the generation to generation sequence of stages in the reproductive history of an organism from conception to production of its own offspring

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15
Q

Karyotype

A

Images of chromosomes are arranged in pairs, starting with longest chromosome

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16
Q

Homologous chromosomes or homologs

A

The two chromosomes of a pair have the same length, centromere position, and staining pattern

Both chromosomes of each pair carry genes controlling the same inherited characters. Example, eye color etc

17
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

X and Y ..

Females have XX, males have X and Y

18
Q

Autosomes

A

All other chromosomes that are not X and Y (sex chromosomes)

19
Q

The number of chromosomes in a single set is represented by

A

(n)

20
Q

Diploid cell

A

Any cell with two chromosome sets

(2n)

21
Q
A
22
Q

Haploid cells

A

Single set of chromosomes. Gametes contain a single set of chromosomes.

(n)

23
Q
A
24
Q

Zygote

A

Fertilized egg (diploid)

25
Q

Prophase of Meiosis

A

Spindle formation

Nuclear envelope breakdown

Chromosomes condense

Each chromosome pairs with it homolong / crossing over occurs

Each homologou spair has one or more X shaped regions called Chiasmata

26
Q

Crossing over

A

Chromosome pairs with its homolog and DNA molecules of nonsister chromatids are broken and rejoined

27
Q

Chiasmata

A

Each homologous pair has one or more X shaped regions where crossovers have occured

28
Q

Metaphase 1 of Meiosis

A

Pairs of homologous chromosomes are now at metaphase plate

Both chromatids are attached to kinetochore microtubules from one pole to the opposite pole

29
Q

Anaphase 1 in Meiosis

A

Homologs seperate

Homologs move toward seperate poles

30
Q

Telophase 1 and Cytokinesis

A

Each half of the cell has a complete haploid set of duplicated chromosomes. Each chromosome is composed of two sister chromatids

forming two haploid daughter cells

celavegas furrow forms in animal cells

31
Q

Prophase 11

A

A spindle apparatus forms

Chromosomes move toward metaphase plate

32
Q

Metaphase 11

A

Chromosomes are positioned at metaphase plate

33
Q

Anaphase 11

A

chromatids seperate moving towards opposite poles

34
Q

Telophase 11 and cytokinesis

A

Nuclei form, chromosomes begin decondensing

cytokinesis begins

one parent cell produces 4 daughter cells

35
Q

Synaptonemal complex

A

Zipper like structure which holds one homolog tightly to the other

36
Q

Synapsis

A

the DNA breaks are closed up so that each broken end is joined to the corresponding segment of the nonsister chromatid

(parental chromatid is joined to a maternal chromatid)

37
Q

What are the 3 events unique to meosis during meoisis 1

A
  1. Synapsis and crossing over
  2. Alignment of homologous pairs at metaphase plate
  3. Seperation of homologs
38
Q

Recombiant chromosomes

A

individuak chromosomes that carry genes from two different parents

Bio 189 (22 decks)

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