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Bio 189 > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Alleles

A

Alternative version of a gene Arise by mutation

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2
Q

Character

A

A heritable feature that varies amount individuals

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3
Q

Trait

A

Each variant of a character (purple or white flowers)

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4
Q

True breeding

A

Produced same variety as parent

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5
Q

Hybridization

A

Crossing or mating of two true breeding varieties

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6
Q

P generation

A

The true breeding parents

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7
Q

F1 generation

A

Hybrid offspring of true breeding parents

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8
Q

F2 generation

A

Offspring of two f1 generations crossing breeding or mating

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9
Q

What four related concepts make up Mendels model?

A
  1. Alternative versions of genes account for variations in inherited characters 2. For each character, an organism inherits two versions (alleles) of a gene, one from each parent 3. If the two alleles at a locus differ then one dominant allele determine the organisms appearance 4. The two alleles for a heritable character segregate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes
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10
Q

Dominant allele

A

Determines the organisms appearance

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11
Q

Recessive allele

A

Has no noticeable effect on organisms appearance

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12
Q

Law of segregation

A

2 alleles for a heritable character segregate during gamete formation and end up in two different gametes

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13
Q

Punnett square

A

Diagram device for predicting the allele composition of offspring from a cross between individuals of genetic make up

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14
Q

Homozygote

A

An organism that has a pair of identical alleles for a gene encoding character

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15
Q

Heterozygote

A

An organism that has two different alleles for a gene

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16
Q

Phenotype

A

An organisms appearance or observable traits

17
Q

Genotype

A

An organisms genetic makeup

18
Q

Test cross

A

Breading a organism of unknown genotype with a recessive homozygote

19
Q

Monohybrids

A

They were heterozygous for the one particular character being followed in the cross Monohybrid cross

20
Q

Dihybrids

A

Individuals heterozygous for two characters being followed in the cross

21
Q

Law of independent assortment

A

Two or more genes assort independently— that is each pair of alleles secretes independently of any other pair of alleles during gamete formation Applies only to genes located on different chromosomes

22
Q

Multiplication rule

A

To determine the probability of one event and the other occurring, we multiply the probability of one event by the probability of the other event.

23
Q

Addition rule

A

The probability that any one or more mutually exclusive events will occur is calculated by adding their individual probabilities

24
Q

Complete dominance

A

The observable characteristics of the heterozygote and the dominant homozygote are indistinguishable

25
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

Neither allele is completely dominant and F1 hybrids have a phenotype somewhere between those of the two parental varieties

26
Q

Codominance

A

The two alleles each affect the phenotype in separate distinguishable ways

27
Q

Pleiotropy

A

the production by a single gene of two or more apparently unrelated effects.

28
Q

Sex linked gene

A

A gene located on either sex chromosome

29
Q

X linked genes

A

Genes on the X chromosomes

Females have 2 males have 1

30
Q

Barr body

A

The inactive X in each cell of females condenses into a compact object called bar body, which lies along the inside of the nuclear envelope

31
Q

Epistasis

A

when the phenotupic expression of a gene at one locus alters that of a gene at a second locus

32
Q

Quantitative characters

A

A quantitative trait is a measurable phenotype that depends on the cumulative actions of many genes and the environment.

33
Q

polygenice inheritance

A

Polygenic inheritance occurs when one characteristic is controlled by two or more genes.

34
Q

Multifactorial

A

many factors both genetic and environmental collectively influence phenotype

35
Q

Family pedigree

A

A family tree describing traits across generations

36
Q

Carriers

A

heterozygotes may transmit the recessive allele to their offspring

37
Q

Chorionic villus sampling

A

a physician inserts a narrow tube through cervix into the uterus and suctions out a tiny sample of tissue from the plecenta

38
Q

Amniocentesis

A

a diagnostic test that can determine whether the developing fetus has a seriouse recessive disease

Bio 189 (22 decks)

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