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Bio 189 > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Matter

A

Anything that takes up space and has mass

Living or non living

Matter is made up of elements

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2
Q

Element

A

A substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical reactions

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3
Q

Compound

A

A substance consisting of 2 or more different elements

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4
Q

States of matter

A

Liquid, solid, gas, plasma

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5
Q

How many natural elements are there?

A

92

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6
Q

What elements make up 96% of all living matter?

A

Oxygen, carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen

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7
Q

Essential elements

A

Elements an organism need to live a healthy life and reproduce

20-25% of elements are essential

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8
Q

Trace elements

A

Required by organism but in limited quantities

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9
Q

Atom

A

Smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element

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10
Q

Subatomic particles

A

Tiny bits of matter, smaller parts of an atom

Neutrons
Protons and
Electrons

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11
Q

Atomic nucleus

A

Center of an atom

Holds protons and neutrons

Has a positive charge which attracts the negative charge from surrounding electrons which keeps electrons in vicinity of nucleus

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12
Q

Dalton

A

Unit of measurement for atoms and subatomic particles

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13
Q

Atomic number

A

Number of protons unique to that element

23 NA
11 - atomic number

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14
Q

Mass number

A

Total number of protons and neutrons in nucleus

23 NA - mass number
11

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15
Q

Atomic mass

A

Total mass of an atom

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16
Q

Isotope

A

Different atomic forms of same element

Different number of neutrons of other atoms of same element

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17
Q

Radioactive isotope

A

Nucleus decays spontaneously giving off particles and energy

Can lead in to change of element if a neutron turns into a proton

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18
Q

Half life

A

Time it takes 50% of isotope to decay

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19
Q

What determines an atoms identity?

A

Number of protons

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20
Q

What determines an atoms ability to form bonds?

A

An atoms electrons distribution

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21
Q

Radiometric dating

A

Measure the ratio of different isotopes to calculate how many half lives have passed since the organism was fossilized or rock was formed

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22
Q

Energy

A

Capacity to cause change

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23
Q

Potential energy

A

Energy that matter possesses because of its location or structure

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24
Q

The more distant an electron from the nucleus the greater it’s …

A

Potential energy

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25
Electron shells
Outside part of an atom where electrons are found. Circles
26
The first electron shell is..
Closet to nucleus and has the least amount of energy
27
Can electrons move between electron shells?
Yes but only by absorbing or losing an amount of energy equal to the difference in potential energy between its position in old shell and that in new shell. Speed up or slow down?
28
What’s an example of a way an electron can get energy to a higher energy level and therefore move electron shells?
Light energy can excite an electron to move to a higher energy shell
29
How is the chemical behavior of an atom determines?
By the distribution of electrons in atoms electron shells
30
How many electrons can each shell hold?
First shell can hold 2 Second shell can hold 8 Third shell can hold 8
31
The chemical behavior of an atom depends mostly on
The number of electrons in its outermost shell or valence shell
32
Valence shell
An atoms outermost shell
33
Valence electrons
Electrons in an atoms outermost shell
34
An atom with a complete valence shell is
Interactive. Will not interact readily with other atoms
35
Inert
Chemically in reactive Full valence shells
36
Orbital
3 dimensional space where electron is found 90% of the time
37
How many orbitals are in the first electron shell and what is it called?
One spherical orbital called 1s
38
How many orbitals are in 2nd shell?
4 orbitals. One large spherical orbital called 2s and 3 dumbbell shaped orbitals called 2p
39
How many electrons can occupy a single orbital?
No more than 2
40
How many orbitals are in 3rd shell and What are orbitals in 3rd shell called?
9 orbitals and 3s and 3p 3d
41
Chemical bonds
Atoms held close together by an attraction 2 strongest bonds are: Covalent bonds Ionic bonds
42
Covalent bond
Sharing a pair of valence electrons by 2 atoms
43
Molecule
2 or more atoms held together by a covalent bond
44
What does H:H represent?
The dots represent the valence electrons and the letters represent the element
45
What does H-H represent?
The dash represents a single bond aka a shared pair of electrons
46
What does O=O represent?
A double bond where 2 atoms share 2 pair of valence electrons
47
What is an atoms valence?
Bonding capacity which equals the number of electrons required to complete a atoms outermost shell
48
Electro negativity
Electrons are not shared equally The atom with stronger electronegativity the more strongly it pulls the electrons to itself. Winning the tug of war
49
Non polar covalent bond
A covalent bond between 2 atoms of same element share the electrons because their electronegativity is the same Stand off in tug of war
50
Polar covalent bond
Electrons are not shared equally The stronger atom pulls more
51
Ion
As a result of having lost or gained an electron the atom or molecule is positively or negatively charged Anytime a molecule has an uneven amount of protons and electrons
52
Cation
Positively charged ion
53
Anion
Negatively charged ion
54
Ionic bond
Attraction between cations and anions
55
Can any 2 ions of opposite charge for an ionic bond? Even if they didn’t electron transfer with each other?
Yes
56
Atoms that lose an electron will have a _______ charge
Positive
57
An atom that gains an electron will have a ______ charge?
Negative
58
Ionic compounds or salts
Compounds formed by ionic bonds
59
What makes a molecule electrically charged?
When protons and electrons stop being equal
60
Hydrogen bond
Non covalent attraction between a hydrogen atom and a electronegative atom
61
Van der waals interactions
Unevenly distributed electrons creating ever changing regions of positive and negative charge that enable all atoms and molecules to stick together Weak and only occur when atoms and molecules are very close to each other
62
Chemical reactions
Making and breaking of chemical bonds leading to a change in composition of matter
63
Reactants
Starting material
64
Products
Resulting material
65
Chemical equilibrium
Point which the reactions offset one another exactly

Bio 189 (22 decks)

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