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Bio 189 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the structures and functions of the 4 important classes of biological molecules?

A

Three classes are macromolecules that are polymers

  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Proteins
  3. Nucleus acids

Fourth class is not a polymer or a macromolecules

  1. Lipids
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2
Q

What are Carbohydrates functions?

A

Source of energy and provide structural support

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3
Q

*What are lipids functions?

A

Group of diverse molecules that do not mix well with water. Key functions include providing energy, making up cell membranes, and acting as hormones

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4
Q

Macromolecules

A

Huge in size and have chain like molecules called polymers

Carbs
Protien
Nucleic acids

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5
Q

Polymer

A

A long/large molecule made up of many similar monomers covalently bonded

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6
Q

Monomer

A

Atoms or molecules that bond together to form polymers, building blocks

*Some have functions of their own

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7
Q

Enzymes

A

Specialized macromolecules (proteins) that speed up chemical reactions

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8
Q

Condensation reaction

A

When a monomer connects to another monomer or polymer by the loss of a small molecule

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9
Q

Dehydration reaction

A

When a monomer connects to another monomer or polymer by loss of a small molecule and the molecule lost is water

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10
Q

Hydrolysis

A

A process which disassembles a polymer. The bond is broken by the addition of a water molecule. essentially the reverse of hydration reaction.

Hydro- water
Lysis- break

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11
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Include sugars and polymers of sugars

Carbon and water

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12
Q

Monosaccharides

A

Simple sugars - one sugar

Monomers from which more complex carbs are built

Generally have some multiple of unit CH2O

Most common monosaccharides = Glucose - 2 types alpha and beta

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13
Q

What is the most common monosaccharide?

A

Glucose c6h12o6

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14
Q

How do you tell of a monosaccharides is an Aldose or a ketose?

A

Depending on location of the carbonyl group

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15
Q

How do monosaccharides vary?

A

Vary in location of carbonyl groups, length of carbon Skelton (3-7)
and they way their parts are arranged spatially around asymmetric carbons

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16
Q

Cellular respiration

A

Cells extract energy from glucose molecules by breaking them down in a series of reactions

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17
Q

Disaccharide

A

Double sugar

Consists of 2 monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage

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18
Q

Glycosidic linkage

A

Covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by dehydration reaction

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19
Q

Polysaccharide

A

polymers with a few 100-1000 monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkage

20
Q

Starch

A

A polymer of glucose monomers

Polysaccharide- energy storage in plants

21
Q

Plastids

A

Where plants store starch.

22
Q

Glycogen

A

Polymer of glucose

Polysaccharide- energy storage in animals

23
Q

Cellulose

A

Structural Polysaccharide

Used by plants to build cell walls

24
Q

Chitin

A

Structural polysaccharide.

used by Arthropoda to build their exoskeleton

Used by fungi

25
Q

Lipids

A

Compounds that are hydrophobic

Not big enough to be a macromolecule

26
Q

Fats

A

Consists of glycerol molecule joined to 3 fatty acids (hydrocarbon)

27
Q

Fatty acid

A

Long carbon Skelton, usually 16-18 in length. The carbon at one end is part of carboxyl group the rest of skeleton consists of hydrocarbons

Tails can be saturated or unsaturated

28
Q

Ester linkage

A

Bond between hydroxyl group and carboxyl group

29
Q

Saturated fatty acid

A

No double bonds between carbon atoms

  • Solid at room temp
  • High melting point
30
Q

Unsaturated fatty acid

A

One or more double bonds in carbon chain

  • Liquid at room temp
  • Low melting point
31
Q

Animal fats are:

A

Saturated and solid at room temp

32
Q

Most plant and fish fats are:

A

Unsaturated and liquid at room temp

33
Q

Major function of fat?

A

Energy storage

34
Q

Trans fats

A

Unsaturated fats with trans double bonds

35
Q

Phospholipid

A

2 fatty acids attached to a glycerol and joined to a Phosphate group

Structural role in cell membranes
Likes water

one will always be a unsaturated fatty acid

36
Q

Steroids

A

Lipids characterized by carbon skeleton consisting of 4 infused rings

  • Give structure to cell membranes
  • precursor to steroid hormones
37
Q

Storage polysaccharide

A

Store sugar for later.

Plants store starch
Animals store glycogen

38
Q

Structural polysaccharide

A

Cellulose and chitin

Used to build strong materials

39
Q

What are polysaccharide two main functions?

A

Storage material and building material

40
Q

What are the 3 most common monosaccharides?

A

Glucose, Galactose and fructose

41
Q

What are 3 common disaccharides?

A

Lactose, sucrose, maltose

42
Q

What are the 3 common polysaccharide?

A

Glycogen, starch, cellulose, chitin

43
Q

What are the 4 biochemical roles of carbohydrates

A
  1. Energy
  2. Energy storage
  3. Structural organisms
  4. Supply carbon
44
Q

What are the 3 major groups of lipids?

A
  1. Trigylcerides - oils and fats
  2. Phospholipids - form cell membranes
  3. Steroids - Cholestrol and hormones
45
Q

What are the properties of triglycerides?

A
  1. Store energy
  2. insulation and protection

if solid at room temp = fat
if liquid at room temp = oil

46
Q

What is the predominant molecule in cell membranes?

A

phospholipids

Bio 189 (22 decks)

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