Chapter 5

Question 1

What are the structures and functions of the 4 important classes of biological molecules?

Answer 1

Three classes are macromolecules that are polymers

1. Carbohydrates
2. Proteins
3. Nucleus acids

Fourth class is not a polymer or a macromolecules

4. Lipids

Question 2

What are Carbohydrates functions?

Answer 2

Source of energy and provide structural support

Question 3

*What are lipids functions?

Answer 3

Group of diverse molecules that do not mix well with water. Key functions include providing energy, making up cell membranes, and acting as hormones

Question 4

Macromolecules

Answer 4

Huge in size and have chain like molecules called polymers

Carbs
Protien
Nucleic acids

Question 5

Polymer

Answer 5

A long/large molecule made up of many similar monomers covalently bonded

Question 6

Monomer

Answer 6

Atoms or molecules that bond together to form polymers, building blocks

*Some have functions of their own

Question 7

Enzymes

Answer 7

Specialized macromolecules (proteins) that speed up chemical reactions

Question 8

Condensation reaction

Answer 8

When a monomer connects to another monomer or polymer by the loss of a small molecule

Question 9

Dehydration reaction

Answer 9

When a monomer connects to another monomer or polymer by loss of a small molecule and the molecule lost is water

Question 10

Hydrolysis

Answer 10

A process which disassembles a polymer. The bond is broken by the addition of a water molecule. essentially the reverse of hydration reaction.

Hydro- water
Lysis- break

Question 11

Carbohydrates

Answer 11

Include sugars and polymers of sugars

Carbon and water

Question 12

Monosaccharides

Answer 12

Simple sugars - one sugar

Monomers from which more complex carbs are built

Generally have some multiple of unit CH2O

Most common monosaccharides = Glucose - 2 types alpha and beta

Question 13

What is the most common monosaccharide?

Answer 13

Glucose c6h12o6

Question 14

How do you tell of a monosaccharides is an Aldose or a ketose?

Answer 14

Depending on location of the carbonyl group

Question 15

How do monosaccharides vary?

Answer 15

Vary in location of carbonyl groups, length of carbon Skelton (3-7)
and they way their parts are arranged spatially around asymmetric carbons

Question 16

Cellular respiration

Answer 16

Cells extract energy from glucose molecules by breaking them down in a series of reactions

Question 17

Disaccharide

Answer 17

Double sugar

Consists of 2 monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage

Question 18

Glycosidic linkage

Answer 18

Covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by dehydration reaction

Question 19

Polysaccharide

Answer 19

polymers with a few 100-1000 monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkage

Question 20

Starch

Answer 20

A polymer of glucose monomers

Polysaccharide- energy storage in plants

Question 21

Plastids

Answer 21

Where plants store starch.

Question 22

Glycogen

Answer 22

Polymer of glucose

Polysaccharide- energy storage in animals

Question 23

Cellulose

Answer 23

Structural Polysaccharide

Used by plants to build cell walls

Question 24

Chitin

Answer 24

Structural polysaccharide.

used by Arthropoda to build their exoskeleton

Used by fungi

Question 25

Lipids

Answer 25

Compounds that are hydrophobic Not big enough to be a macromolecule

Question 26

Fats

Answer 26

Consists of glycerol molecule joined to 3 fatty acids (hydrocarbon)

Question 27

Fatty acid

Answer 27

Long carbon Skelton, usually 16-18 in length. The carbon at one end is part of carboxyl group the rest of skeleton consists of hydrocarbons Tails can be saturated or unsaturated

Question 28

Ester linkage

Answer 28

Bond between hydroxyl group and carboxyl group

Question 29

Saturated fatty acid

Answer 29

No double bonds between carbon atoms * Solid at room temp * High melting point

Question 30

Unsaturated fatty acid

Answer 30

One or more double bonds in carbon chain * Liquid at room temp * Low melting point

Question 31

Animal fats are:

Answer 31

Saturated and solid at room temp

Question 32

Most plant and fish fats are:

Answer 32

Unsaturated and liquid at room temp

Question 33

Major function of fat?

Answer 33

Energy storage

Question 34

Trans fats

Answer 34

Unsaturated fats with trans double bonds

Question 35

Phospholipid

Answer 35

2 fatty acids attached to a glycerol and joined to a Phosphate group Structural role in cell membranes Likes water one will always be a unsaturated fatty acid

Question 36

Steroids

Answer 36

Lipids characterized by carbon skeleton consisting of 4 infused rings * Give structure to cell membranes * precursor to steroid hormones

Question 37

Storage polysaccharide

Answer 37

Store sugar for later. Plants store starch Animals store glycogen

Question 38

Structural polysaccharide

Answer 38

Cellulose and chitin Used to build strong materials

Question 39

What are polysaccharide two main functions?

Answer 39

Storage material and building material

Question 40

What are the 3 most common monosaccharides?

Answer 40

Glucose, Galactose and fructose

Question 41

What are 3 common disaccharides?

Answer 41

Lactose, sucrose, maltose

Question 42

What are the 3 common polysaccharide?

Answer 42

Glycogen, starch, cellulose, chitin

Question 43

What are the 4 biochemical roles of carbohydrates

Answer 43

1. Energy 2. Energy storage 3. Structural organisms 4. Supply carbon

Question 44

What are the 3 major groups of lipids?

Answer 44

1. Trigylcerides - oils and fats 2. Phospholipids - form cell membranes 2. Steroids - Cholestrol and hormones

Question 45

What are the properties of triglycerides?

Answer 45

1. Store energy 2. insulation and protection if solid at room temp = fat if liquid at room temp = oil

Question 46

What is the predominant molecule in cell membranes?

Answer 46

phospholipids