Ch 9

Question 1

Fermentation

Answer 1

a partial degradation of sugars or other organic fuel that occurs without the use of oxygen.

Question 2

Aerobic respiration aer-air / bios - life

Answer 2

Oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel **Most efficient catabolic pathway

Question 3

Anaerobic respiration an-without

Answer 3

Use substances other than oxygen as reactants

Question 4

Cellular respiration

Answer 4

Cellular respiration is a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert chemical energy from oxygen molecules or nutrients into adenosine triphosphate, and then release waste products

Question 5

Redox reactions

Answer 5

Transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another AKA Oxidation-reduction reactions

Question 6

Oxidation

Answer 6

In a redox reaction, the loss of electrons from one substance

Question 7

Reduction

Answer 7

The addition of electrons to another substance (note that adding negatively charged electrons to an atom reduces the amount of postive charge of that atom)

Question 8

The reducing agent

Answer 8

The electron donor in a generalized reaction

Question 9

Oxidizing agent

Answer 9

The electron acceptor

Question 10

Electron transport chain

Answer 10

Consists of a number of molecules built into the inner membrane of the mitochonria of eukaryotic cells Break the fall of electrons to oxygen into several energy releasing steps

Question 11

What are the 4 stages of cellular respiration?

Answer 11

1. Glycolysis 2. Pyruvate Oxidation 3. Citric acid cycle 4. Oxidative phosphorlation

Question 12

What is Glycolysis?

Answer 12

1st step in cellular respiration (Sugar splitting)

Occurs in cytosol, begins the degradtion process by breaking glucose into two molecules of a compound called pyruvate. These then enter the mitochondria and are oxidized into acetyl CoA.

Question 13

Once glucose is broken into 2 pyruvates, what happens next?

Answer 13

Pyruvate enters the mitochondrion and is oxidized to a compound called acetyl CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle

Question 14

Citric acid cycle

Answer 14

Where the breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide is complete

Question 15

Oxidative phosphorlation

Answer 15

Mode of ATP synthesis, powered by the redox reactions of electron transport chain accounts for almost 90% of the ATP generated by respiration

Question 16

Substrate-level phosphorlation

Answer 16

a mechanism forming smaller amounts of ATP in a few reactions of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle occurs when an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate molecule to ADP

Question 17

What 2 phases can Glycolysis be broken into ?

Answer 17

1. The energy investment phase
2. the energy payoff phase

Question 18

Acetyl CoA

Answer 18

This is the compound pyruvate is first converted to upon entering the mitochondrion. This step links glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.

Question 19

Cytochromes

Answer 19

Protiens that are electron carriers

ETC has several types of cytochromes each named CYT with a letter or number to distinguish it as a different protien with a slightly different electron carrying heme group

Question 20

ATP Synthase

Answer 20

Enzyme that makes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate

Question 21

Chemiosmosis

Answer 21

The process on which energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane is used to drive cellular work such as the synthesis of ATP

Question 22

Proton-Motive force

Answer 22

The H+ gradient