Chapter 43: Blood Typing Flashcards
What does blood typing involve?
Blood typing involves identifying protein substance called antigens present on the outer surface of red blood cell membranes.
What antigens are of clinical importance?
These include the group of the ABO group and those of the Rh group.
How do they determine which antigens are present?
A blood sample is mixed with blood typing sera that contain known types of antibodies. It a particular antibody contacts an antigen, a reaction occurs and the red blood cells clump together (aggulation)
Give an example of blood typing?
If blood cells are mixed with serum containing antibodies that react with antigen A and the cells aggulinate antigen a must be present on the outer surface of those cells
What is the greatest concern during transfusions?
Although there are many antigens on the RBC membranes the ABO group and the Rh group antigens are of the greatest concern during transfusion.
What is the final check on blood compatibility?
Cross matching test. In this test small samples of the blood from the donor and the recipient are mixed to be sure agglutination does not create a transfusion reaction which would result in red blood cell destruction (hemolysis) and other life threatening conditions.
What is autologus transfusion?
If surgery is elective autologus transfusions are promoted, allowing some of the persons own predonated blood from storage to be used during surgery.
What is the Rh factor?
An antigen commonly found on the human RBC membrane was first identified in rhesus monkeys an it became known as the RH factor.
How is the Rh factor checked?
Although many different types of antigens are related to the Rh factor because it is the most reactive only the D-Antigen is checked using an anti-D regent. Those who possess the D antigen are considered RH+ And those are lacking the D antigen are considered RH -
What would happen if a Rh- mother was carrying an Rh+ fetus
If a Rh- negative women is pregnant carrying an Rh+ fetus the mother might obtain some RBC’s from the fetus during the birth process or during a miscarriage. As a result the Rh- mother would begin producing anti D antibodies creating complications for future pregnancies.
What is the name of the condition resulting from Rh+/Rh- mother fetus relationship?
This condition is known as hemolytic disease (erythroblastosis fetalis)
What can prevent erythroblastosis fetalis?
This condition can be prevented with the proper administration of RhoGAM which prevents the mother from producing anti D antibodies
The antigens related to the ABO blood group are located A) on the red blood cell membrane B) within the red blood cell nucleus C) within the red blood cell cytosol D) on the red blood cell ribosome
A) on the red blood cell membrane
When B antibodies (anti-B) react with B antigens \_\_\_\_ occurs A)Coagulation B) agglutination C) transfusion D) proliferation
Agglutination
The D antigen related to the Rh factor is present in about \_\_\_\_\_ of americans. A) 4% B) 38% C) 47% D) 85%
D
Blood type \_\_\_ is sometimes considered the universal donor within the ABO blood group. A) A B) B C) AB D) O
D
Blood type \_\_\_ is sometimes considered the universal recipient within the ABO blood group. A) A B) B C) AB D) O
C
Hemolytic disease of the newborn could be of concern when an
A) Rh+ fetus and Rh+ mother condition occur
B) Rh+ fetus and an Rh- mother condition occur
C) Rh- fetus and Rh+ positive mother condition occur
D) Rh- fetus and Rh- mother condition occur
B
Blood type B is the most common blood type found in the US population. True or False?
False
An individual with blood type O lacks both RBC antigens A and B
True or false
True
The antigens of the ABO blood group are located on the red blood cell _____.
Membrane
The blood of every person contains one of (how many possible?) ____ combinations of antigens
Four
Type A blood contains antigen
A
Type B blood contains antigen
B
Type a blood contains ____ antibody in the plasma
B
Type b blood contains ____ antibody in the plasma
A
Persons with ABO blood type _____ are sometimes called universal recipients.
AB
Persons with ABO blood type ____ are sometimes called universal donors
O
The Rh blood group was named after the ____
Rhesus monkey
Of the antigens in the Rh group, the most important is ____
D-Antigen
If red blood cells lack Rh antigens, the blood is called
Rh-
If an Rh- negative person who is sensitive to Rh+ blood receives a transfusion of the RH positive blood the donors cells are likely to
Clump, hemolysis
An Rh- woman who might be carrying an ____fetus is give. An injection of RhoGAM to prevent hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn
Rh+
