Chapter 4 Flashcards
Cytology
The study of cells
Microscopy
The use of a microscope to view small-scale structure
SEM microscopy
Scanning electron microscopy - Detailed three-dimensional study of a specimen’s surface
TEM
Transmission Electron Microscopy - directs an electron beam though a thin-cut section of the specimen
LM
Light Microscopy - produces a two-dimensional image by passing visible light through the specimen
Cytosol
Intracellular fluid - high water content that contains many dissolved macromolecules
Plasma Membrane
The outer, limiting barrier separating the internal content of the cell from the external environment; Phospholipid bilayer (The gatekeeper)
Microvilli
Increase surface area
Cilia
Beat and move; clear spaces such as mucus from an airway
Flagelllum
Used for motility (Sperm Cells)
Translation
Uses RNA for synthesis of protein by ribosomes in cytoplasm (AUCG)
Transcription
Ribonucleic acid copy of a gene formed from DNA in the nucleus (ATCG)
Codon
3 base unit used in Translation; start codon is AUG; stop codon is UAA, UAG, or UGA
Mitosis
Cell division that occurs in somatic cells
Meiosis
Cell division in sex cells
Passive vs Active transport
Passive requires no energy; Active transport needs energy
Diffusion
Net movement of a substance from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration; continues until equilibrium if unopposed
Osmosis
Passive movement of WATER through a selectively permeable membrane; Occurs in response to differences in water concentration on either side of a membrane
Facilitated Diffusion
Channel - mediated and Carrier- mediated
Channel-mediated diffusion
movement is facilitated by channels across the plasma membrane;
Carrier-mediated
Small polar molecule movement is facilitated by protein carriers across the plasma membrane
Endocytosis
Material brought into cell as vesicle is formed
Exocytosis
Vesicular contents released from cell
Phagocytosis
Cellular Eating
Pinocytosis
Cellular drinking
Receptor-mediated Enocytosis
A receptor is required to bring the material into the cell; More targeted than pinocytosis
Ribosomes
Particles in cytoplasm containing RNA and proteins; both free and attached to rough ER; Participate in protein synthesis
Rough ER
Membranous network studded with ribosomes for protein synthesis
Smooth ER
Membranous network lacking ribosomes involved with lipid and steroid synthesis
Centrosomes
Pair of perpendicularly oriented cylindrical centrioles; organizes microtubules that facilitate chromosome movement
Lysosome
Vesicles containing digestive enzymes
Microtubules
Tubulin protein inclusions that support the cell and assist in intracellular transport
Mitochondria
Double-membrane (outer and folded inner) organelles that produce ATP via oxidative phosphorylation for energy
Microfilaments
Fine filaments of actin, the contractile protein, that provide strength, support, and intracellular movement and are involved in muscle contraction
Golgi Apparatus
One or more flattened stacks of membranes that modify and package proteins and lipids for intracellular or extracellular use
Peroxisomes
Small vesicles in cytoplasm that detoxify toxic substances
Nucleus
The control structure of the cell is surrounded by an inner and outer membrane; contains chromosomes, enzymes, and the nucleolus
Membrane Bound Organelles
ER; Golgi Apparatus; Lysosomes, Peroxisomes; Mitochondria
Non-Membrane-Bound Organelles
Ribosomes, Cytoskeleton, Centrosomes, Proteasome
