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Chapter 23 Flashcards

1
Q

General Functions of Respiratory System

A

provides the means for gas exchange

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2
Q

Mucosa

A

mucous membrane; respiratory lining; contains mucin protein and enzymes that defend against microbes

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3
Q

Nose

A

first conducting structure for inhaled air; formed by bone, hyaline cartilage, dense irregular connective tissue, and skin

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4
Q

Nares

A

(nostrils) made of dense irregular connective tissue

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5
Q

Nasal Bones

A

paired nasal bones form bridge of nose

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6
Q

Lateral Cartilage

A

middle of nose

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7
Q

Alar Cartilage

A

distal end of nose

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8
Q

Nasal septum

A

divides left and right sides

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9
Q

nasal conchae

A

three paired, bony projections on lateral walls of nasal cavity; partition the nasal cavity into separate passages

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10
Q

nasal vestibule

A

just inside nostrils; lined by skin and particle-trapping hairs called vibrissae

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11
Q

Olfactory region

A

superior part of nasal cavity containing olfactory epithelium

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12
Q

Respiratory Region

A

lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with an extensive vascular network

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13
Q

Nasolacrimal Ducts

A

drain lacrimal secretions from eye surfaces to nasal cavity

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14
Q

Paranasal Sinuses

A

spaces within skull bones; named for specific bone in which they are housed; connected by ducts to nasal cavity; lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (Frontal, ethmoidal, maxillary)

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15
Q

Pharynx

A

funnel-shaped passageway posterior to nasal cavity, oral cavity, and larynx; lateral walls composed of skeletal muscles

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16
Q

Nasopharynx

A

most superior part of pharynx; pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium; air passage; contains tonsils

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17
Q

Oropharynx

A

middle pharyngeal region; posterior to oral cavity; passageway for both food and air; lined by nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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18
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

inferior, narrow region of pharynx; posterior to the larynx; both food and air; lined by nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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19
Q

Larynx

A

cylindrical airway between laryngopharynx and trachea

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20
Q

Functions of the larynx

A

air passageway, prevent ingested materials from entering respiratory tract; produces sound for speech; participates in sneeze and cough reflexes

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21
Q

Laryngeal inlet

A

connects pharynx and larynx; Entry point

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22
Q

Thyroid Cartilage

A

large, shield-shaped; forms lateral and anterior walls of larynx

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23
Q

cricoid cartilage

A

ring-shaped; just inferior to thyroid cartilage

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24
Q

Epiglottis cartilage

A

spoon-shaped; anchored to the inner aspect of thyroid cartilage; projects posterosuperior into the pharynx; crosses over laryngeal inlet during swallowing

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25
Q

Vocal Ligaments

A

extend between thyroid and arytenoid cartilages; avascular elastic connective tissue

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26
Q

vestibular ligaments

A

extend from thyroid cartilage to arytenoid and corniculate cartilages

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27
Q

vocal folds

A

mucosa covering vocal ligaments

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28
Q

Rima glottidis

A

opening between ligaments

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29
Q

Glottis

A

rima glottidis and vocal folds

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30
Q

Trachea

A

open tube connecting larynx to main bronchi

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31
Q

tracheal cartilages

A

support anterior and lateral walls; c-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage

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32
Q

Carina

A

internal ridge at the inferior end of trachea containing many sensory receptors

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33
Q

bronchial tree

A

system of highly branched air passages

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34
Q

main bronchi

A

right and left; enters a lung on its medial surface; right bronchus shorter, wider, and more vertically oriented

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35
Q

lobar bronchi

A

extends into a lobe of the lung; smaller in diameter;

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36
Q

Segmental bronchi

A

tertiary bronchi

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37
Q

Bronchioles

A

tubes less than 1 milimeter

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38
Q

bronchoconstriction

A

less air through bronchial tree

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39
Q

bronchodilation

A

more air through bronchial tree

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40
Q

Alveolar ducts

A

lead to alveolar sacs

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41
Q

alveolar sacs

A

clusters of alveoli

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42
Q

alveoli

A

saccular outpockets

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43
Q

alveolar type 1 cells

A

most common; 95% of alveolar surface area; form the alveolar epithelium

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44
Q

alveolar type 2 cells

A

secrete oily pulmonary surfactant

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45
Q

Alveolar macrophage

A

leukocytes that engulf microorganisms; either fixed in alveolar wall or free to migrate

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46
Q

Costal surface

A

adjacent to ribs

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47
Q

mediastinal

A

adjacent to mediastinum

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48
Q

diaphragmatic

A

adjacent to diaphragm

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49
Q

Base

A

wide concave section atop diaphragm

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50
Q

Apex

A

points superiorly just behind clavicle

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51
Q

Hilum

A

indented region on lung’s mediastinal side

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52
Q

Root

A

bronchi, pulmonary vessels, autonomic nerves, lymph vessels pass through

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53
Q

Lobes

A

right lung has 3 lobes; left has 2 lobes

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54
Q

Horizontal Fissure

A

separates superior and middle lobes

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55
Q

oblique fissure

A

separates middle lobe from inferior lobe

56
Q

Bronchopulmonary segments:

A

10 segments in right lung 8-10 in left lung; autonomous units encapsulated with connective tissues; each supplied with its own segmental bronchus; can be removed individually

57
Q

Innervations

A

ANS innervates smooth muscles and glands of respiratory structues

58
Q

Pleura

A

serous membrane lining lung surfaces and thoracic wall; composed of simple squamous epithelium and areolar CT

59
Q

Visceral Pleura

A

adheres to lung surface

60
Q

Parietal pleura

A

lines internal thoracic walls, lateral surface of mediastinum and superior surface of diaphragm

61
Q

Pleural cavity

A

located between visceral and parietal serous membranes

62
Q

diaphragm

A

contraction causes flattening of diaphragm during inspiration and thus expands thoracic cavity; increases pressure in abdominopelvic cavity

63
Q

Serratus posterior superior

A

elevates ribs during respiration

64
Q

serratus posterior inferior

A

depresses ribs during respiration

65
Q

Scalenes

A

flex neck when 1st rib is fixed; elevate 1st and 2nd ribs during forced respiration

66
Q

External intercostals

A

elevate ribs during forced and quiet inspiration

67
Q

internal intercostals

A

depress ribs during forced expiration

68
Q

transverse thoracis

A

depresses ribs during forced expiration

69
Q

provides the means for gas exchange

A

General Functions of Respiratory System

70
Q

mucous membrane; respiratory lining; contains mucin protein and enzymes that defend against microbes

71
Q

first conducting structure for inhaled air; formed by bone, hyaline cartilage, dense irregular connective tissue, and skin

72
Q

(nostrils) made of dense irregular connective tissue

73
Q

paired nasal bones form bridge of nose

A

Nasal Bones

74
Q

middle of nose

A

Lateral Cartilage

75
Q

distal end of nose

A

Alar Cartilage

76
Q

divides left and right sides

A

Nasal septum

77
Q

three paired, bony projections on lateral walls of nasal cavity; partition the nasal cavity into separate passages

A

nasal conchae

78
Q

just inside nostrils; lined by skin and particle-trapping hairs called vibrissae

A

nasal vestibule

79
Q

superior part of nasal cavity containing olfactory epithelium

A

Olfactory region

80
Q

lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with an extensive vascular network

A

Respiratory Region

81
Q

drain lacrimal secretions from eye surfaces to nasal cavity

A

Nasolacrimal Ducts

82
Q

spaces within skull bones; named for specific bone in which they are housed; connected by ducts to nasal cavity; lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (Frontal, ethmoidal, maxillary)

A

Paranasal Sinuses

83
Q

funnel-shaped passageway posterior to nasal cavity, oral cavity, and larynx; lateral walls composed of skeletal muscles

84
Q

most superior part of pharynx; pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium; air passage; contains tonsils

A

Nasopharynx

85
Q

middle pharyngeal region; posterior to oral cavity; passageway for both food and air; lined by nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A

Oropharynx

86
Q

inferior, narrow region of pharynx; posterior to the larynx; both food and air; lined by nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

A

Laryngopharynx

87
Q

cylindrical airway between laryngopharynx and trachea

88
Q

air passageway, prevent ingested materials from entering respiratory tract; produces sound for speech; participates in sneeze and cough reflexes

A

Functions of the larynx

89
Q

connects pharynx and larynx; Entry point

A

Laryngeal inlet

90
Q

large, shield-shaped; forms lateral and anterior walls of larynx

A

Thyroid Cartilage

91
Q

ring-shaped; just inferior to thyroid cartilage

A

cricoid cartilage

92
Q

spoon-shaped; anchored to the inner aspect of thyroid cartilage; projects posterosuperior into the pharynx; crosses over laryngeal inlet during swallowing

A

Epiglottis cartilage

93
Q

extend between thyroid and arytenoid cartilages; avascular elastic connective tissue

A

Vocal Ligaments

94
Q

extend from thyroid cartilage to arytenoid and corniculate cartilages

A

vestibular ligaments

95
Q

mucosa covering vocal ligaments

A

vocal folds

96
Q

opening between ligaments

A

Rima glottidis

97
Q

rima glottidis and vocal folds

98
Q

open tube connecting larynx to main bronchi

99
Q

support anterior and lateral walls; c-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage

A

tracheal cartilages

100
Q

internal ridge at the inferior end of trachea containing many sensory receptors

101
Q

system of highly branched air passages

A

bronchial tree

102
Q

right and left; enters a lung on its medial surface; right bronchus shorter, wider, and more vertically oriented

A

main bronchi

103
Q

extends into a lobe of the lung; smaller in diameter;

A

lobar bronchi

104
Q

tertiary bronchi

A

Segmental bronchi

105
Q

tubes less than 1 milimeter

A

Bronchioles

106
Q

less air through bronchial tree

A

bronchoconstriction

107
Q

more air through bronchial tree

A

bronchodilation

108
Q

lead to alveolar sacs

A

Alveolar ducts

109
Q

clusters of alveoli

A

alveolar sacs

110
Q

saccular outpockets

111
Q

most common; 95% of alveolar surface area; form the alveolar epithelium

A

alveolar type 1 cells

112
Q

secrete oily pulmonary surfactant

A

alveolar type 2 cells

113
Q

leukocytes that engulf microorganisms; either fixed in alveolar wall or free to migrate

A

Alveolar macrophage

114
Q

adjacent to ribs

A

Costal surface

115
Q

adjacent to mediastinum

A

mediastinal

116
Q

adjacent to diaphragm

A

diaphragmatic

117
Q

wide concave section atop diaphragm

118
Q

points superiorly just behind clavicle

119
Q

indented region on lung’s mediastinal side

120
Q

bronchi, pulmonary vessels, autonomic nerves, lymph vessels pass through

121
Q

right lung has 3 lobes; left has 2 lobes

122
Q

separates superior and middle lobes

A

Horizontal Fissure

123
Q

separates middle lobe from inferior lobe

A

oblique fissure

124
Q

10 segments in right lung 8-10 in left lung; autonomous units encapsulated with connective tissues; each supplied with its own segmental bronchus; can be removed individually

A

Bronchopulmonary segments:

125
Q

ANS innervates smooth muscles and glands of respiratory structues

A

Innervations

126
Q

serous membrane lining lung surfaces and thoracic wall; composed of simple squamous epithelium and areolar CT

127
Q

adheres to lung surface

A

Visceral Pleura

128
Q

lines internal thoracic walls, lateral surface of mediastinum and superior surface of diaphragm

A

Parietal pleura

129
Q

located between visceral and parietal serous membranes

A

Pleural cavity

130
Q

contraction causes flattening of diaphragm during inspiration and thus expands thoracic cavity; increases pressure in abdominopelvic cavity

131
Q

elevates ribs during respiration

A

Serratus posterior superior

132
Q

depresses ribs during respiration

A

serratus posterior inferior

133
Q

flex neck when 1st rib is fixed; elevate 1st and 2nd ribs during forced respiration

134
Q

elevate ribs during forced and quiet inspiration

A

External intercostals

135
Q

depress ribs during forced expiration

A

internal intercostals

136
Q

depresses ribs during forced expiration

A

transverse thoracis

Anatomy (26 decks)

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