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Chapter 23 Flashcards

1
Q

General Functions of Respiratory System

A

provides the means for gas exchange

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2
Q

Mucosa

A

mucous membrane; respiratory lining; contains mucin protein and enzymes that defend against microbes

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3
Q

Nose

A

first conducting structure for inhaled air; formed by bone, hyaline cartilage, dense irregular connective tissue, and skin

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4
Q

Nares

A

(nostrils) made of dense irregular connective tissue

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5
Q

Nasal Bones

A

paired nasal bones form bridge of nose

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6
Q

Lateral Cartilage

A

middle of nose

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7
Q

Alar Cartilage

A

distal end of nose

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8
Q

Nasal septum

A

divides left and right sides

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9
Q

nasal conchae

A

three paired, bony projections on lateral walls of nasal cavity; partition the nasal cavity into separate passages

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10
Q

nasal vestibule

A

just inside nostrils; lined by skin and particle-trapping hairs called vibrissae

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11
Q

Olfactory region

A

superior part of nasal cavity containing olfactory epithelium

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12
Q

Respiratory Region

A

lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with an extensive vascular network

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13
Q

Nasolacrimal Ducts

A

drain lacrimal secretions from eye surfaces to nasal cavity

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14
Q

Paranasal Sinuses

A

spaces within skull bones; named for specific bone in which they are housed; connected by ducts to nasal cavity; lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (Frontal, ethmoidal, maxillary)

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15
Q

Pharynx

A

funnel-shaped passageway posterior to nasal cavity, oral cavity, and larynx; lateral walls composed of skeletal muscles

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16
Q

Nasopharynx

A

most superior part of pharynx; pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium; air passage; contains tonsils

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17
Q

Oropharynx

A

middle pharyngeal region; posterior to oral cavity; passageway for both food and air; lined by nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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18
Q

Laryngopharynx

A

inferior, narrow region of pharynx; posterior to the larynx; both food and air; lined by nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

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19
Q

Larynx

A

cylindrical airway between laryngopharynx and trachea

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20
Q

Functions of the larynx

A

air passageway, prevent ingested materials from entering respiratory tract; produces sound for speech; participates in sneeze and cough reflexes

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21
Q

Laryngeal inlet

A

connects pharynx and larynx; Entry point

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22
Q

Thyroid Cartilage

A

large, shield-shaped; forms lateral and anterior walls of larynx

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23
Q

cricoid cartilage

A

ring-shaped; just inferior to thyroid cartilage

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24
Q

Epiglottis cartilage

A

spoon-shaped; anchored to the inner aspect of thyroid cartilage; projects posterosuperior into the pharynx; crosses over laryngeal inlet during swallowing

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25
Vocal Ligaments
extend between thyroid and arytenoid cartilages; avascular elastic connective tissue
26
vestibular ligaments
extend from thyroid cartilage to arytenoid and corniculate cartilages
27
vocal folds
mucosa covering vocal ligaments
28
Rima glottidis
opening between ligaments
29
Glottis
rima glottidis and vocal folds
30
Trachea
open tube connecting larynx to main bronchi
31
tracheal cartilages
support anterior and lateral walls; c-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
32
Carina
internal ridge at the inferior end of trachea containing many sensory receptors
33
bronchial tree
system of highly branched air passages
34
main bronchi
right and left; enters a lung on its medial surface; right bronchus shorter, wider, and more vertically oriented
35
lobar bronchi
extends into a lobe of the lung; smaller in diameter;
36
Segmental bronchi
tertiary bronchi
37
Bronchioles
tubes less than 1 milimeter
38
bronchoconstriction
less air through bronchial tree
39
bronchodilation
more air through bronchial tree
40
Alveolar ducts
lead to alveolar sacs
41
alveolar sacs
clusters of alveoli
42
alveoli
saccular outpockets
43
alveolar type 1 cells
most common; 95% of alveolar surface area; form the alveolar epithelium
44
alveolar type 2 cells
secrete oily pulmonary surfactant
45
Alveolar macrophage
leukocytes that engulf microorganisms; either fixed in alveolar wall or free to migrate
46
Costal surface
adjacent to ribs
47
mediastinal
adjacent to mediastinum
48
diaphragmatic
adjacent to diaphragm
49
Base
wide concave section atop diaphragm
50
Apex
points superiorly just behind clavicle
51
Hilum
indented region on lung's mediastinal side
52
Root
bronchi, pulmonary vessels, autonomic nerves, lymph vessels pass through
53
Lobes
right lung has 3 lobes; left has 2 lobes
54
Horizontal Fissure
separates superior and middle lobes
55
oblique fissure
separates middle lobe from inferior lobe
56
Bronchopulmonary segments:
10 segments in right lung 8-10 in left lung; autonomous units encapsulated with connective tissues; each supplied with its own segmental bronchus; can be removed individually
57
Innervations
ANS innervates smooth muscles and glands of respiratory structues
58
Pleura
serous membrane lining lung surfaces and thoracic wall; composed of simple squamous epithelium and areolar CT
59
Visceral Pleura
adheres to lung surface
60
Parietal pleura
lines internal thoracic walls, lateral surface of mediastinum and superior surface of diaphragm
61
Pleural cavity
located between visceral and parietal serous membranes
62
diaphragm
contraction causes flattening of diaphragm during inspiration and thus expands thoracic cavity; increases pressure in abdominopelvic cavity
63
Serratus posterior superior
elevates ribs during respiration
64
serratus posterior inferior
depresses ribs during respiration
65
Scalenes
flex neck when 1st rib is fixed; elevate 1st and 2nd ribs during forced respiration
66
External intercostals
elevate ribs during forced and quiet inspiration
67
internal intercostals
depress ribs during forced expiration
68
transverse thoracis
depresses ribs during forced expiration
69
provides the means for gas exchange
General Functions of Respiratory System
70
mucous membrane; respiratory lining; contains mucin protein and enzymes that defend against microbes
Mucosa
71
first conducting structure for inhaled air; formed by bone, hyaline cartilage, dense irregular connective tissue, and skin
Nose
72
(nostrils) made of dense irregular connective tissue
Nares
73
paired nasal bones form bridge of nose
Nasal Bones
74
middle of nose
Lateral Cartilage
75
distal end of nose
Alar Cartilage
76
divides left and right sides
Nasal septum
77
three paired, bony projections on lateral walls of nasal cavity; partition the nasal cavity into separate passages
nasal conchae
78
just inside nostrils; lined by skin and particle-trapping hairs called vibrissae
nasal vestibule
79
superior part of nasal cavity containing olfactory epithelium
Olfactory region
80
lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with an extensive vascular network
Respiratory Region
81
drain lacrimal secretions from eye surfaces to nasal cavity
Nasolacrimal Ducts
82
spaces within skull bones; named for specific bone in which they are housed; connected by ducts to nasal cavity; lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (Frontal, ethmoidal, maxillary)
Paranasal Sinuses
83
funnel-shaped passageway posterior to nasal cavity, oral cavity, and larynx; lateral walls composed of skeletal muscles
Pharynx
84
most superior part of pharynx; pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium; air passage; contains tonsils
Nasopharynx
85
middle pharyngeal region; posterior to oral cavity; passageway for both food and air; lined by nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Oropharynx
86
inferior, narrow region of pharynx; posterior to the larynx; both food and air; lined by nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Laryngopharynx
87
cylindrical airway between laryngopharynx and trachea
Larynx
88
air passageway, prevent ingested materials from entering respiratory tract; produces sound for speech; participates in sneeze and cough reflexes
Functions of the larynx
89
connects pharynx and larynx; Entry point
Laryngeal inlet
90
large, shield-shaped; forms lateral and anterior walls of larynx
Thyroid Cartilage
91
ring-shaped; just inferior to thyroid cartilage
cricoid cartilage
92
spoon-shaped; anchored to the inner aspect of thyroid cartilage; projects posterosuperior into the pharynx; crosses over laryngeal inlet during swallowing
Epiglottis cartilage
93
extend between thyroid and arytenoid cartilages; avascular elastic connective tissue
Vocal Ligaments
94
extend from thyroid cartilage to arytenoid and corniculate cartilages
vestibular ligaments
95
mucosa covering vocal ligaments
vocal folds
96
opening between ligaments
Rima glottidis
97
rima glottidis and vocal folds
Glottis
98
open tube connecting larynx to main bronchi
Trachea
99
support anterior and lateral walls; c-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
tracheal cartilages
100
internal ridge at the inferior end of trachea containing many sensory receptors
Carina
101
system of highly branched air passages
bronchial tree
102
right and left; enters a lung on its medial surface; right bronchus shorter, wider, and more vertically oriented
main bronchi
103
extends into a lobe of the lung; smaller in diameter;
lobar bronchi
104
tertiary bronchi
Segmental bronchi
105
tubes less than 1 milimeter
Bronchioles
106
less air through bronchial tree
bronchoconstriction
107
more air through bronchial tree
bronchodilation
108
lead to alveolar sacs
Alveolar ducts
109
clusters of alveoli
alveolar sacs
110
saccular outpockets
alveoli
111
most common; 95% of alveolar surface area; form the alveolar epithelium
alveolar type 1 cells
112
secrete oily pulmonary surfactant
alveolar type 2 cells
113
leukocytes that engulf microorganisms; either fixed in alveolar wall or free to migrate
Alveolar macrophage
114
adjacent to ribs
Costal surface
115
adjacent to mediastinum
mediastinal
116
adjacent to diaphragm
diaphragmatic
117
wide concave section atop diaphragm
Base
118
points superiorly just behind clavicle
Apex
119
indented region on lung's mediastinal side
Hilum
120
bronchi, pulmonary vessels, autonomic nerves, lymph vessels pass through
Root
121
right lung has 3 lobes; left has 2 lobes
Lobes
122
separates superior and middle lobes
Horizontal Fissure
123
separates middle lobe from inferior lobe
oblique fissure
124
10 segments in right lung 8-10 in left lung; autonomous units encapsulated with connective tissues; each supplied with its own segmental bronchus; can be removed individually
Bronchopulmonary segments:
125
ANS innervates smooth muscles and glands of respiratory structues
Innervations
126
serous membrane lining lung surfaces and thoracic wall; composed of simple squamous epithelium and areolar CT
Pleura
127
adheres to lung surface
Visceral Pleura
128
lines internal thoracic walls, lateral surface of mediastinum and superior surface of diaphragm
Parietal pleura
129
located between visceral and parietal serous membranes
Pleural cavity
130
contraction causes flattening of diaphragm during inspiration and thus expands thoracic cavity; increases pressure in abdominopelvic cavity
diaphragm
131
elevates ribs during respiration
Serratus posterior superior
132
depresses ribs during respiration
serratus posterior inferior
133
flex neck when 1st rib is fixed; elevate 1st and 2nd ribs during forced respiration
Scalenes
134
elevate ribs during forced and quiet inspiration
External intercostals
135
depress ribs during forced expiration
internal intercostals
136
depresses ribs during forced expiration
transverse thoracis

Anatomy (26 decks)

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