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Chapter 13 Flashcards

1
Q

Gyri

A

ridges

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2
Q

Sulci

A

depressions between ridges

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3
Q

Rostral

A

Anterior

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4
Q

Caudal

A

Posterior

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5
Q

Prosencephalon

A

Forebrain

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6
Q

Mesencephalon

A

Midbrain

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7
Q

Rhombencephalon

A

Hindbrain

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8
Q

Telencephelon

A

becomes cerebrum

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9
Q

Diencephalon

A

becomes thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

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10
Q

Mesencephalon

A

becomes midbrain

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11
Q

Metencephalon

A

becomes pons and cerebellum

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12
Q

Myelencephalon

A

becomes medulla oblongata

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13
Q

Gray Matter

A

neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons (Cortex - superficial layer and Nucleus - clusters of cell bodies close to the surface and deep within the brain)

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14
Q

White Matter

A

myelinated axons that are organized in bundles called tracts

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15
Q

Cranial Meninges

A

Connective tissue; separate and support soft tissue of brain; enclose and protect blood vessels supplying the brain; help contain and circulate cerebrospinal fluid

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16
Q

Pia Mater

A

innermost of the meninges; adheres to brain surface; thin layer of areolar connective tissue

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17
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A

web of collagen and elastic fibers;

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18
Q

Dura Mater

A

tough, outer membrane; made of dense irregular connective tissue in 2 layers; Meningeal layer (deeper) and Periosteal layer which forms the periosteum on internal surface of cranial bones; Epidural space is a potential space between the dura and the skull which contains arteries and veins

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19
Q

Cranial Dural Septa

A

sheets of dura mater that extend into cranial cavity; form partitions between brain areas and provide support;

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20
Q

Falx Cerebri

A

largest of dural septa; located on midline and projects into longitudinal fissure between cerebral hemispheres (contains superior sagittal sinus and inferior sagittal sinus)

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21
Q

Tentorium Cerebelli

A

Separates occipital and temporal lobes from the cerebellum; contains transverse sinuses within its posterior border; contains straight sinus along midsagittal plane; has tentorial notch in anterior surface allowing room for brainstem

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22
Q

Diaphragma Sellae

A

smallest of dural septa; forms roof over sella turcica of sphenoid bone; has small opening for stalk of pituitary gland

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23
Q

Falx Cerebelli

A

runs vertically in midsagittal plane; separates left and right cerebellar hemispheres; contains occipital sinus in posterior border

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24
Q

2 lateral ventricles

A

large cavities in the cerebrum; separated by medial partition (septum pellucidum)

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25
Q

Third Ventricle

A

narrow space in middle of diencephalon; connected to each lateral ventricle by an inter ventricular foramen

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26
Q

Fourth Ventricle

A

Between pons and cerebellum; connected to third ventricle by cerebral aqueduct; opens to subarachnoid space medially and laterally; narrow before merging with central canal of spinal cord

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27
Q

Functions of CSF

A

Buoyancy (reduces weight by 95%); Protection; environmental stability (transport of nutrients/wastes and protects against fluctuations)

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28
Q

CSF

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid; circulates in ventricles and subarachnoid space; formed by choroid plexus; originates from blood plasma

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29
Q

Blood-Brain Barrier

A

Regulates which substances enter the brain’s interstitial fluid; helps prevent neuron exposure to harmful substances; composed of specialized capillaries (endothelial cells with a thick basement membrane); wrapped by perivascular feet

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30
Q

Cerebral Hemispheres

A

Longitudinal Fissure divides cerebrum into left and right hemispheres; White matter tracts connect hemispheres

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31
Q

Hemisphere Lateralization

A

connections with the body are generally crossed; left hemisphere receives signals from the right side of body; Higher-order functions are primarily controlled by one side of the brain

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32
Q

Lobes of the Cerebrum

A

Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal, Insular

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33
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Central Sulcus: posterior border; Lateral Sulcus: separates inferior frontal lobe from temporal lobe; Precentral gyrus; the lateral surface of each frontal lobe, controls voluntary movement;

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34
Q

Frontal Lobe Functions

A

Motor control, concentration, verbal communication, decision making, planning, personality

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35
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Postcentral gyrus: ridge just posterior to central sulcus (anterior border); Parieto-Occipital Sulcus: posterior border

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36
Q

Parietal Lobe Functions

A

evaluating shape and texture of objects

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37
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

inferior to lateral sulcus; functions include hearing and smell

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38
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

functions in vision and visual memories

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39
Q

Insula

A

small lobe that can be observed by pulling away temporal lobe; functions in memory and sense of taste

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40
Q

Primary Motor Cortex

A

Frontal Lobe; controls skeletal muscle activity on opposite side of body

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41
Q

Motor Speech Area

A

Broca’s area; located in inferolateral portion of left frontal lobe; controls movements for vocalization

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42
Q

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

A

Located in postcentral gyrus of parietal lobes; receives somatic sensory information;

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43
Q

Somatosensory Association Area

A

immediately posterior to postcentral gyrus; integrates touch information allowing us to identify objects by feel

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44
Q

Primary Visual cortex

A

occipital lobe; association area surrounds and integrates color, form, and memory to allow us to identify things we see

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45
Q

Primary Auditory Cortex

A

temporal lobe; association area interprets sounds; stores and retrieves memories of sounds

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46
Q

Primary Olfactory Cortex

A

temporal lobe; provides conscious awareness of smells

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47
Q

Primary Gustatory Cortex

A

Insula; involved in processing taste information

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48
Q

Wernicke Area

A

left hemisphere; involved in language comprehension

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49
Q

Gnostic Area

A

regions of parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes; integrates somatosensory, visual, and auditory information of association areas; provides comprehensive understanding of current activity

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50
Q

Central White Matter

A

myelinated axons grouped into tracts; association tracts connect regions of the cerebral cortex within same hemisphere

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51
Q

Cerebral Nuclei

A

Gray matter deep in cerebrum that helps regulate motor output; amygaloid body: expanded region at tail of caudate nucleus (functions in mood and emotion)

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52
Q

Diencephalon

A

Epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus

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53
Q

Epithalamus

A

covers the third ventricle; pineal gland: endocrine gland secreting melatonin, helps regulate day-night cycles (circadian rhythm); Habenular nuclei: help relay signals from limbic system to midbrain, involved in visceral and emotional responses to odors

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54
Q

Thalamus

A

masses of gray matter on lateral sides of third ventricle; receives signals from all conscious senses except olfaction; relays some signals to appropriate part of cortex and filter out distractions

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55
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Anteroinferior region; infundibulum: stalk of pituitary that extends from hypothalamus

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56
Q

Hypothalamus Functions

A

Control of: ANS, endocrine system, temperature, emotional behavior, food and water intake, and circadian rhythm

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57
Q

Brainstem

A

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata;

58
Q

Mesencephalon/Midbrain

A

motor control

59
Q

Pons

60
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

connection between brain and spinal cord and autonomic function

61
Q

Cerebellum

A

2nd largest brain area; Folia: folds; Vermis: narrow band of cortex between left and right lobes, receives sensory signals regarding torso and balance; Arbor Vitae: internal region of white matter

62
Q

Cerebellum Functions

A

Checks muscle activity, stores muscle memory, ensures smoothness, maintains equilibrium and posture;

63
Q

Limbic System

A

the emotional brain;

64
Q

Cingulate Gyrus

A

above corpus callosum

65
Q

Parahippocampul gyrus

A

cortical tissue in temporal lobe

66
Q

Hippocampus

A

helps form long-term memories

67
Q

Amygdaloid Body

A

involved in many aspects of emotion and emotional memory especially fear

68
Q

Olfactory bulbs, tracts, and cortex

A

process odors that can provoke emotions

69
Q

Fornix

A

white tract connecting hippocampus with other limbic structures

70
Q

Reticular Formation

A

loosely organized gray matter of brainstem; motor component: regulates muscle tone via spinal cord connections, assists in autonomic functions through brainstem connections; Sensory Component: reticular activating system, processes sensory information and brings alertness

71
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

Tract providing connection between brain hemispheres

72
Q

ridges

73
Q

depressions between ridges

74
Q

Anterior

75
Q

Posterior

76
Q

Forebrain

A

Prosencephalon

77
Q

Midbrain

A

Mesencephalon

78
Q

Hindbrain

A

Rhombencephalon

79
Q

becomes cerebrum

A

Telencephelon

80
Q

becomes thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

A

Diencephalon

81
Q

becomes midbrain

A

Mesencephalon

82
Q

becomes pons and cerebellum

A

Metencephalon

83
Q

becomes medulla oblongata

A

Myelencephalon

84
Q

neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons (Cortex - superficial layer and Nucleus - clusters of cell bodies close to the surface and deep within the brain)

A

Gray Matter

85
Q

myelinated axons that are organized in bundles called tracts

A

White Matter

86
Q

Connective tissue; separate and support soft tissue of brain; enclose and protect blood vessels supplying the brain; help contain and circulate cerebrospinal fluid

A

Cranial Meninges

87
Q

innermost of the meninges; adheres to brain surface; thin layer of areolar connective tissue

88
Q

web of collagen and elastic fibers;

A

Arachnoid Mater

89
Q

tough, outer membrane; made of dense irregular connective tissue in 2 layers; Meningeal layer (deeper) and Periosteal layer which forms the periosteum on internal surface of cranial bones; Epidural space is a potential space between the dura and the skull which contains arteries and veins

A

Dura Mater

90
Q

sheets of dura mater that extend into cranial cavity; form partitions between brain areas and provide support;

A

Cranial Dural Septa

91
Q

largest of dural septa; located on midline and projects into longitudinal fissure between cerebral hemispheres (contains superior sagittal sinus and inferior sagittal sinus)

A

Falx Cerebri

92
Q

Separates occipital and temporal lobes from the cerebellum; contains transverse sinuses within its posterior border; contains straight sinus along midsagittal plane; has tentorial notch in anterior surface allowing room for brainstem

A

Tentorium Cerebelli

93
Q

smallest of dural septa; forms roof over sella turcica of sphenoid bone; has small opening for stalk of pituitary gland

A

Diaphragma Sellae

94
Q

runs vertically in midsagittal plane; separates left and right cerebellar hemispheres; contains occipital sinus in posterior border

A

Falx Cerebelli

95
Q

large cavities in the cerebrum; separated by medial partition (septum pellucidum)

A

2 lateral ventricles

96
Q

narrow space in middle of diencephalon; connected to each lateral ventricle by an inter ventricular foramen

A

Third Ventricle

97
Q

Between pons and cerebellum; connected to third ventricle by cerebral aqueduct; opens to subarachnoid space medially and laterally; narrow before merging with central canal of spinal cord

A

Fourth Ventricle

98
Q

Buoyancy (reduces weight by 95%); Protection; environmental stability (transport of nutrients/wastes and protects against fluctuations)

A

Functions of CSF

99
Q

circulates in ventricles and subarachnoid space; formed by choroid plexus; originates from blood plasma

A

Cerebrospinal Fluid

100
Q

Regulates which substances enter the brain’s interstitial fluid; helps prevent neuron exposure to harmful substances; composed of specialized capillaries (endothelial cells with a thick basement membrane); wrapped by perivascular feet

A

Blood-Brain Barrier

101
Q

Longitudinal Fissure divides cerebrum into left and right hemispheres; White matter tracts connect hemispheres

A

Cerebral Hemispheres

102
Q

connections with the body are generally crossed; left hemisphere receives signals from the right side of body; Higher-order functions are primarily controlled by one side of the brain

A

Hemisphere Lateralization

103
Q

Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal, Insular

A

Lobes of the Cerebrum

104
Q

Central Sulcus: posterior border; Lateral Sulcus: separates inferior frontal lobe from temporal lobe; Precentral gyrus; the lateral surface of each frontal lobe, controls voluntary movement;

A

Frontal Lobe

105
Q

Motor control, concentration, verbal communication, decision making, planning, personality

A

Frontal Lobe Functions

106
Q

Postcentral gyrus: ridge just posterior to central sulcus (anterior border); Parieto-Occipital Sulcus: posterior border

A

Parietal Lobe

107
Q

evaluating shape and texture of objects

A

Parietal Lobe Functions

108
Q

inferior to lateral sulcus; functions include hearing and smell

A

Temporal Lobe

109
Q

functions in vision and visual memories

A

Occipital Lobe

110
Q

small lobe that can be observed by pulling away temporal lobe; functions in memory and sense of taste

111
Q

Frontal Lobe; controls skeletal muscle activity on opposite side of body

A

Primary Motor Cortex

112
Q

Broca’s area; located in inferolateral portion of left frontal lobe; controls movements for vocalization

A

Motor Speech Area

113
Q

Located in postcentral gyrus of parietal lobes; receives somatic sensory information;

A

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

114
Q

immediately posterior to postcentral gyrus; integrates touch information allowing us to identify objects by feel

A

Somatosensory Association Area

115
Q

occipital lobe; association area surrounds and integrates color, form, and memory to allow us to identify things we see

A

Primary Visual cortex

116
Q

temporal lobe; association area interprets sounds; stores and retrieves memories of sounds

A

Primary Auditory Cortex

117
Q

temporal lobe; provides conscious awareness of smells

A

Primary Olfactory Cortex

118
Q

Insula; involved in processing taste information

A

Primary Gustatory Cortex

119
Q

left hemisphere; involved in language comprehension

A

Wernicke Area

120
Q

regions of parietal, occipital, and temporal lobes; integrates somatosensory, visual, and auditory information of association areas; provides comprehensive understanding of current activity

A

Gnostic Area

121
Q

myelinated axons grouped into tracts; association tracts connect regions of the cerebral cortex within same hemisphere

A

Central White Matter

122
Q

Gray matter deep in cerebrum that helps regulate motor output; amygaloid body: expanded region at tail of caudate nucleus (functions in mood and emotion)

A

Cerebral Nuclei

123
Q

Epithalamus, thalamus, and hypothalamus

A

Diencephalon

124
Q

covers the third ventricle; pineal gland: endocrine gland secreting melatonin, helps regulate day-night cycles (circadian rhythm); Habenular nuclei: help relay signals from limbic system to midbrain, involved in visceral and emotional responses to odors

A

Epithalamus

125
Q

masses of gray matter on lateral sides of third ventricle; receives signals from all conscious senses except olfaction; relays some signals to appropriate part of cortex and filter out distractions

126
Q

Anteroinferior region; infundibulum: stalk of pituitary that extends from hypothalamus

A

Hypothalamus

127
Q

Control of: ANS, endocrine system, temperature, emotional behavior, food and water intake, and circadian rhythm

A

Hypothalamus Functions

128
Q

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata;

129
Q

motor control

A

Mesencephalon/Midbrain

130
Q

breathing

131
Q

connection between brain and spinal cord and autonomic function

A

Medulla Oblongata

132
Q

2nd largest brain area; Folia: folds; Vermis: narrow band of cortex between left and right lobes, receives sensory signals regarding torso and balance; Arbor Vitae: internal region of white matter

A

Cerebellum

133
Q

Checks muscle activity, stores muscle memory, ensures smoothness, maintains equilibrium and posture;

A

Cerebellum Functions

134
Q

the emotional brain;

A

Limbic System

135
Q

above corpus callosum

A

Cingulate Gyrus

136
Q

cortical tissue in temporal lobe

A

Parahippocampul gyrus

137
Q

helps form long-term memories

A

Hippocampus

138
Q

involved in many aspects of emotion and emotional memory especially fear

A

Amygdaloid Body

139
Q

process odors that can provoke emotions

A

Olfactory bulbs, tracts, and cortex

140
Q

white tract connecting hippocampus with other limbic structures

141
Q

loosely organized gray matter of brainstem; motor component: regulates muscle tone via spinal cord connections, assists in autonomic functions through brainstem connections; Sensory Component: reticular activating system, processes sensory information and brings alertness

A

Reticular Formation

142
Q

Tract providing connection between brain hemispheres

A

Corpus Callosum

Anatomy (26 decks)

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