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Chapter 16 Flashcards

1
Q

Sensory Receptors

A

Respond to a stimulus, provide info about internal and external environments; each have a preferred stimulus; have a resting membrane potential

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2
Q

Receptive field

A

the distribution area of the endings of a sensory neuron (smaller = more precise)

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3
Q

Sensation

A

a stimulus we are consciously aware of (signals that reach the cerebral cortex)

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4
Q

Special Sense Receptors (5)

A

Olfaction (smell), gustation (taste), vision, audition (hearing), equilibrium

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5
Q

Exteroceptors

A

detect stimuli from external environment; skin and mucus membranes

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6
Q

Interoceptors

A

detect stimuli from internal organs; visceral sensory receptors monitoring internal environment

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7
Q

Proprioceptors

A

detect body and limb movements; somatosensory receptors of muscles, tendons, and joints

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8
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

detect chemicals dissolved in fluid (external and internal)

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9
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

detect changes in temperature (skin and hypothalamus)

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10
Q

Photoreceptors

A

detect change in light intensity, color, movement (retina)

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11
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

detect distortion of cell membrane (touch, pressure, vibration, stretch)

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12
Q

Nociceptors

A

detect painful stimuli (somatic=surface damage and visceral=internal organ damage)

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13
Q

Unencapsulated tactile receptors

A

dendritic ends of sensory neurons with no protective cover

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14
Q

Encapsulated tactile receptors

A

neuron endings wrapped by connective tissue or covered by connective tissue and glial cells (neurolemmocytes)

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15
Q

Referred Pain

A

inaccurate localization of sensory signals

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16
Q

Vallate papillae

A

largest, fewest, contain most of the taste buds; located in a row of 10-12 along the posterior dorsal tongue surface

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17
Q

Accessory structures of the eye

A

six extrinsic eye muscles, eyebrows, eyelids, eyelashes, conjunctiva, lacrimal glands (caruncle and apparatus)

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18
Q

Sclera

A

white of the eye; dense irregular CT; provides shape, protects internal components; attachment site for extrinsic eye muscles

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19
Q

Cornea

A

anterior convex transparent “window”; inner layer of simple squamous epithelium, middle layer of collagen, outer layer of stratified squamous epithelium; no blood vessels; refracts light

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20
Q

Fibrous Tunic of the eye

A

Sclera and Cornea

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21
Q

Vascular tunic

A

Iris, Choroid, Ciliary body

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22
Q

Retina

A

Pigmented layer and natural layer

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23
Q

Choroid

A

extensive posterior region; many capillaries to nourish retina, many melanocytes to make melanin to absorb extraneous light

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24
Q

Ciliary body

A

ciliary muscles and processes; anterior to the choroid;

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25
Q

Iris

A

gives eye color, most anterior region of uvea, contains smooth muscle, melanocytes, vessels, neural structures; controls pupil diameter

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26
Q

Anterior chamber of eye

A

between cornea and iris

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27
Q

Posterior chamber of eye

A

Between the iris and the lens

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28
Q

Sphincter Pupillae muscles

A

concentrically circular fibers constrict pupil with parasympathetic nervous system activity

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29
Q

Dilator pupillae muscle

A

radially organized smooth muscle dilates pupil with sympathetic nervous system activity

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30
Q

Photoreceptors

A

contains rods and cones and the pigments that react to light

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31
Q

Optic Disc

A

Blind spot with no photoreceptors; where ganglion axons exit toward brain

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32
Q

Peripheral Retina

A

Contains primarily rods; functions most effectively in low light

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33
Q

Lens

A

changes shape to focus light on retina; shape is determined by ciliary muscle and suspensory ligaments

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34
Q

Auricle

A

funnel-shaped visible part of ear with elastic cartilage; protects ear entry-way and directs sound waves inward

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35
Q

External acoustic meatus

A

ear canal; extends to tympanic membrane;

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36
Q

Tympanic Membrane

A

Eardrum; funnel-shaped epithelial sheet separating external and middle ear; vibrates when sound waves hit it

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37
Q

Cochlea

A

houses membranous cochlear duct;

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37
Q

Vestibule

A

contains two saclike, membranous parts: utricle and saccule; interconnected and positioned at right angles

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38
Q

Semicircular Canal

A

contains membranous semicircular ducts

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39
Q

Macula

A

receptor for static equilibrium and linear acceleration; located in utricle and saccule of vestibule; composed of a layer of hair cells and supporting cells

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40
Q

Ampulla

A

contains crista ampullaris with hair cells and support cells; sterocilia and kinocilia of hair cells are embedded in gelatinous cupula;

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41
Q

Olfactory Hairs

A

cilia projecting from receptor cell dendrite that house chemoreceptors for a specific odorant

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42
Q

Olfactory Bulbs

A

Ends of olfactory tracts located under the brain’s frontal lobes; where olfactory nerve fiber synapse with mitral cells and tufted cells

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43
Q

Olfactory Tracts

A

axon bundles of mitral and tufted cells on inferior frontal lobe surface; project directly to primary olfactory cortex, hypothalamus, amygdala and other regions

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44
Q

Taste Buds

A

onion-shaped organs housing taste receptors; made of gustatory cells, supporting cells, and basal cells

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45
Q

Gustatory Cells

A

neuroepithelial chemoreceptive cells of taste buds; detect tastants and live 7-9 days

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46
Q

Filiform Papillae

A

short and spiked; no taste buds; help manipulate food; anterior two-thirds of tongue surface

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47
Q

Fungiform Papillae

A

mushroom-shaped; each contains a few taste buds; located on tip and sides of tongue

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48
Q

Foliate Papillae

A

Leaflike ridges; not well developed; house a few taste buds in early childhood; located on posterior lateral tongue

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49
Q

Rods

A

longer and narrower; more numerous; highly sensitive and activated by dim light; many rods converge on fewer bipolar cells which converge on fewer ganglion cells (sensitivity to dim light but a blury image)

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50
Q

Cones

A

concentrated at fovea centralis; activated by high intensity light, allows color vision; cones have a one-to-one relationship with bipolar cells and ganglion cells (sharp image but only in bright light)

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51
Q

Eyebrows

A

located along supraorbital ridge; aid in nonverbal communication and prevent sweat from dripping into eyes

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52
Q

Eyelashes

A

extend from margins of eyelids; prevent objects coming into contact with eye; initiate blink reflex

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53
Q

Conjunctiva

A

transparent lining of eye and lid surfaces; specialized stratified columnar epithelium

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54
Q

Lacrimal Apparatus Functions

A

produces, collects, drains fluid; lubricates, cleanses and moistens eye, reduces eyelid friction, defends against microbes, oxygenates and nourishes cornea;

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55
Q

Lacrimal Apparatus

A

Lacrimal gland to lacrimal puncta to lacrimal canaliculus to lacrimal sac to nasolacrimal duct to nasal cavity

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56
Q

Ciliary Muscles

A

bands of smooth muscle connected to lens; contraction loosens suspensory ligaments, altering lens shape

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57
Q

Pupil

A

opening in center of iris connecting the two chambers

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58
Q

Aqueous Humor

A

transparent watery fluid in anterior cavity; continuously produced by ciliary processes; nourishes and oxygenates lens and inner cornea

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59
Q

Somatic Sensory Receptors

A

tactile receptors of skin and mucous membranes; proprioceptors of joints, muscles, and tendons

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60
Q

Visceral Sensory Receptors

A

found in walls of internal organs, they monitor stretch, chemical environment, temperature, pain

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61
Q

Free Nerve Ending

A

terminal ends of sensory neuron dendrites; Simplest tactile receptors, Reside close to skin surface and in mucous membranes, Mainly for pain and temperature but also light touch and pressure

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62
Q

Root Hair Plexuses

A

wrap around hair follicle, detect hair displacement,

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63
Q

Tactile Discs

A

flattened endings of sensory neurons extending to tactile cells

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64
Q

End Bulbs

A

are ensheathed in connective tissue; Located in dermis and mucus membranes; Detect pressure and low-frequency vibration

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65
Q

Lamellated Corpuscles

A

wrapped in neurolemmocytes and concentric layers of connective tissue; Located deep in dermis, hypodermis, some organ walls; Detect deep pressure, course touch, high-frequency vibration

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66
Q

Bulbous Corpscles

A

wrapped in CT; Within dermis and subcutaneous layer; Detect deep pressure and skin distortion

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67
Q

Tactile Corpscles

A

intertwined endings wrapped in modified neurolemmocytes, covered in connective tissue; Discriminative light touch—allow recognition of texture, shape

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68
Q

Basal Cells

A

replace olfactory receptor cells every 40 to 60 days; replacement and sensitivity decline with age

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69
Q

Vitreous Humor

A

Transparent gelatinous fluid in posterior cavity; Helps eye maintain shape; Supports retina—keeps it flush against back of eye

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70
Q

Lamina Propria

A

Areolar connective tissue layer internal to olfactory epithelium; Houses blood vessels, nerves, and olfactory glands

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71
Q

Taste Pore

A

Path to tongue surface

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72
Q

Gustation Pathway

A

Gustatory cells through facial and glossopharyngeal nerves and synapse in the medulla oblongata

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73
Q

Eyelids

A

Physically protect the eye

74
Q

Lacrimal Caruncle

A

Pink Part of inner eye

75
Q

Fovea Centralis

A

Highest proportion of cones (hardly any rods); Area of sharpest vision

76
Q

Visual Pathway

A

Optic Nerve, Chiasm, Tract

77
Q

Optic Nerve

A

exits out the back of the eye; Medial axons cross to the opposite side of brain
Lateral axons remain on same side

78
Q

Chiasm

A

Crossing of Optic Nerves in the Brain (X shape)

79
Q

Optic Tract

A

contains axons from both eyes that will project to the thalamus or midbrain

80
Q

Auditory ossicles

A

Malleus, Incus, Stapes

81
Q

Auditory Tube

A

Passage extending from middle ear to nasopharynx; Usually closed, but yawning allows air movement through the tube; Equalizes pressure on either side of tympanic membrane

82
Q

Tympanic Cavity

A

Air-Filled Cavity

83
Q

Bony Labyrinth of Ear

A

mazelike spaces in temporal bone

84
Q

Perilymph

A

interstitial fluid of the bony labyrinth

85
Q

Endolymph

A

similar to intracellular fluid, rich in K+

86
Q

Cochlear Duct

A

located between the tympanic duct and the vestibular duct; membranous

87
Q

Auditory Pathways

A

Signal to cochlear branch of CN8 to cochlear nucleus (medulla oblongata) to midbrain to thalamus to primary auditory cortex

88
Q

Otoliths

A

calcium carbonate crystals

89
Q

Otolithic Membrane

A

Gelatinous Membrane

90
Q

Cupula

A

gelatinous; embedded with Stereocilia and kinocilia of hair cells

91
Q

Equilibrium Pathway

A

Signals to the vestibular branch of CN VIII to vestibular nuclei or cerebellum to thalamus to cerebral cortex for awareness of body positions

92
Q

Respond to a stimulus, provide info about internal and external environments; each have a preferred stimulus; have a resting membrane potential

A

Sensory Receptors

93
Q

the distribution area of the endings of a sensory neuron (smaller = more precise)

A

Receptive field

94
Q

a stimulus we are consciously aware of (signals that reach the cerebral cortex)

95
Q

Olfaction (smell), gustation (taste), vision, audition (hearing), equilibrium

A

Special Sense Receptors (5)

96
Q

detect stimuli from external environment; skin and mucus membranes

A

Exteroceptors

97
Q

detect stimuli from internal organs; visceral sensory receptors monitoring internal environment

A

Interoceptors

98
Q

detect body and limb movements; somatosensory receptors of muscles, tendons, and joints

A

Proprioceptors

99
Q

detect chemicals dissolved in fluid (external and internal)

A

Chemoreceptors

100
Q

detect changes in temperature (skin and hypothalamus)

A

Thermoreceptors

101
Q

detect change in light intensity, color, movement (retina)

A

Photoreceptors

102
Q

detect distortion of cell membrane (touch, pressure, vibration, stretch)

A

Mechanoreceptors

103
Q

detect painful stimuli (somatic=surface damage and visceral=internal organ damage)

A

Nociceptors

104
Q

dendritic ends of sensory neurons with no protective cover

A

Unencapsulated tactile receptors

105
Q

neuron endings wrapped by connective tissue or covered by connective tissue and glial cells (neurolemmocytes)

A

Encapsulated tactile receptors

106
Q

inaccurate localization of sensory signals

A

Referred Pain

107
Q

largest, fewest, contain most of the taste buds; located in a row of 10-12 along the posterior dorsal tongue surface

A

Vallate papillae

108
Q

six extrinsic eye muscles, eyebrows, eyelids, eyelashes, conjunctiva, lacrimal glands (caruncle and apparatus)

A

Accessory structures of the eye

109
Q

white of the eye; dense irregular CT; provides shape, protects internal components; attachment site for extrinsic eye muscles

110
Q

anterior convex transparent “window”; inner layer of simple squamous epithelium, middle layer of collagen, outer layer of stratified squamous epithelium; no blood vessels; refracts light

111
Q

Sclera and Cornea

A

Fibrous Tunic of the eye

112
Q

Iris, Choroid, Ciliary body

A

Vascular tunic

113
Q

Pigmented layer and natural layer

114
Q

extensive posterior region; many capillaries to nourish retina, many melanocytes to make melanin to absorb extraneous light

115
Q

ciliary muscles and processes; anterior to the choroid;

A

Ciliary body

116
Q

gives eye color, most anterior region of uvea, contains smooth muscle, melanocytes, vessels, neural structures; controls pupil diameter

117
Q

between cornea and iris

A

Anterior chamber of eye

118
Q

Between the iris and the lens

A

Posterior chamber of eye

119
Q

concentrically circular fibers constrict pupil with parasympathetic nervous system activity

A

Sphincter Pupillae muscles

120
Q

radially organized smooth muscle dilates pupil with sympathetic nervous system activity

A

Dilator pupillae muscle

121
Q

contains rods and cones and the pigments that react to light

A

Photoreceptors

122
Q

Blind spot with no photoreceptors; where ganglion axons exit toward brain

A

Optic Disc

123
Q

Contains primarily rods; functions most effectively in low light

A

Peripheral Retina

124
Q

changes shape to focus light on retina; shape is determined by ciliary muscle and suspensory ligaments

125
Q

funnel-shaped visible part of ear with elastic cartilage; protects ear entry-way and directs sound waves inward

126
Q

ear canal; extends to tympanic membrane;

A

External acoustic meatus

127
Q

Eardrum; funnel-shaped epithelial sheet separating external and middle ear; vibrates when sound waves hit it

A

Tympanic Membrane

128
Q

houses membranous cochlear duct;

129
Q

contains two saclike, membranous parts: utricle and saccule; interconnected and positioned at right angles

130
Q

contains membranous semicircular ducts

A

Semicircular Canal

131
Q

receptor for static equilibrium and linear acceleration; located in utricle and saccule of vestibule; composed of a layer of hair cells and supporting cells

132
Q

contains crista ampullaris with hair cells and support cells; sterocilia and kinocilia of hair cells are embedded in gelatinous cupula;

133
Q

cilia projecting from receptor cell dendrite that house chemoreceptors for a specific odorant

A

Olfactory Hairs

134
Q

Ends of olfactory tracts located under the brain’s frontal lobes; where olfactory nerve fiber synapse with mitral cells and tufted cells

A

Olfactory Bulbs

135
Q

axon bundles of mitral and tufted cells on inferior frontal lobe surface; project directly to primary olfactory cortex, hypothalamus, amygdala and other regions

A

Olfactory Tracts

136
Q

onion-shaped organs housing taste receptors; made of gustatory cells, supporting cells, and basal cells

A

Taste Buds

137
Q

neuroepithelial chemoreceptive cells of taste buds; detect tastants and live 7-9 days

A

Gustatory Cells

138
Q

short and spiked; no taste buds; help manipulate food; anterior two-thirds of tongue surface

A

Filiform Papillae

139
Q

mushroom-shaped; each contains a few taste buds; located on tip and sides of tongue

A

Fungiform Papillae

140
Q

Leaflike ridges; not well developed; house a few taste buds in early childhood; located on posterior lateral tongue

A

Foliate Papillae

141
Q

longer and narrower; more numerous; highly sensitive and activated by dim light; many rods converge on fewer bipolar cells which converge on fewer ganglion cells (sensitivity to dim light but a blury image)

142
Q

concentrated at fovea centralis; activated by high intensity light, allows color vision; cones have a one-to-one relationship with bipolar cells and ganglion cells (sharp image but only in bright light)

143
Q

located along supraorbital ridge; aid in nonverbal communication and prevent sweat from dripping into eyes

144
Q

extend from margins of eyelids; prevent objects coming into contact with eye; initiate blink reflex

145
Q

transparent lining of eye and lid surfaces; specialized stratified columnar epithelium

A

Conjunctiva

146
Q

produces, collects, drains fluid; lubricates, cleanses and moistens eye, reduces eyelid friction, defends against microbes, oxygenates and nourishes cornea;

A

Lacrimal Apparatus Functions

147
Q

Lacrimal gland to lacrimal puncta to lacrimal canaliculus to lacrimal sac to nasolacrimal duct to nasal cavity

A

Lacrimal Apparatus

148
Q

bands of smooth muscle connected to lens; contraction loosens suspensory ligaments, altering lens shape

A

Ciliary Muscles

149
Q

opening in center of iris connecting the two chambers

150
Q

transparent watery fluid in anterior cavity; continuously produced by ciliary processes; nourishes and oxygenates lens and inner cornea

A

Aqueous Humor

151
Q

tactile receptors of skin and mucous membranes; proprioceptors of joints, muscles, and tendons

A

Somatic Sensory Receptors

152
Q

found in walls of internal organs, they monitor stretch, chemical environment, temperature, pain

A

Visceral Sensory Receptors

153
Q

terminal ends of sensory neuron dendrites; Simplest tactile receptors, Reside close to skin surface and in mucous membranes, Mainly for pain and temperature but also light touch and pressure

A

Free Nerve Ending

154
Q

wrap around hair follicle, detect hair displacement,

A

Root Hair Plexuses

155
Q

flattened endings of sensory neurons extending to tactile cells

A

Tactile Discs

156
Q

are ensheathed in connective tissue; Located in dermis and mucus membranes; Detect pressure and low-frequency vibration

157
Q

wrapped in neurolemmocytes and concentric layers of connective tissue; Located deep in dermis, hypodermis, some organ walls; Detect deep pressure, course touch, high-frequency vibration

A

Lamellated Corpuscles

158
Q

wrapped in CT; Within dermis and subcutaneous layer; Detect deep pressure and skin distortion

A

Bulbous Corpscles

159
Q

intertwined endings wrapped in modified neurolemmocytes, covered in connective tissue; Discriminative light touch—allow recognition of texture, shape

A

Tactile Corpscles

160
Q

replace olfactory receptor cells every 40 to 60 days; replacement and sensitivity decline with age

A

Basal Cells

161
Q

Transparent gelatinous fluid in posterior cavity; Helps eye maintain shape; Supports retina—keeps it flush against back of eye

A

Vitreous Humor

162
Q

Areolar connective tissue layer internal to olfactory epithelium; Houses blood vessels, nerves, and olfactory glands

A

Lamina Propria

163
Q

Path to tongue surface

A

Taste Pore

164
Q

Gustatory cells through facial and glossopharyngeal nerves and synapse in the medulla oblongata

A

Gustation Pathway

165
Q

Physically protect the eye

166
Q

Pink Part of inner eye

A

Lacrimal Caruncle

167
Q

Highest proportion of cones (hardly any rods); Area of sharpest vision

A

Fovea Centralis

168
Q

Optic Nerve, Chiasm, Tract

A

Visual Pathway

169
Q

exits out the back of the eye; Medial axons cross to the opposite side of brain
Lateral axons remain on same side

A

Optic Nerve

170
Q

Crossing of Optic Nerves in the Brain (X shape)

171
Q

contains axons from both eyes that will project to the thalamus or midbrain

A

Optic Tract

172
Q

Malleus, Incus, Stapes

A

Auditory ossicles

173
Q

Passage extending from middle ear to nasopharynx; Usually closed, but yawning allows air movement through the tube; Equalizes pressure on either side of tympanic membrane

A

Auditory Tube

174
Q

Air-Filled Cavity

A

Tympanic Cavity

175
Q

mazelike spaces in temporal bone

A

Bony Labyrinth of Ear

176
Q

interstitial fluid of the bony labyrinth

177
Q

similar to intracellular fluid, rich in K+

178
Q

located between the tympanic duct and the vestibular duct; membranous

A

Cochlear Duct

179
Q

Signal to cochlear branch of CN8 to cochlear nucleus (medulla oblongata) to midbrain to thalamus to primary auditory cortex

A

Auditory Pathways

180
Q

calcium carbonate crystals

181
Q

Gelatinous Membrane

A

Otolithic Membrane

182
Q

gelatinous; embedded with Stereocilia and kinocilia of hair cells

183
Q

Signals to the vestibular branch of CN VIII to vestibular nuclei or cerebellum to thalamus to cerebral cortex for awareness of body positions

A

Equilibrium Pathway

Anatomy (26 decks)

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