Chapter 16 Flashcards
1
Q
Sensory Receptors
A
Respond to a stimulus, provide info about internal and external environments; each have a preferred stimulus; have a resting membrane potential
2
Q
Receptive field
A
the distribution area of the endings of a sensory neuron (smaller = more precise)
3
Q
Sensation
A
a stimulus we are consciously aware of (signals that reach the cerebral cortex)
4
Q
Special Sense Receptors (5)
A
Olfaction (smell), gustation (taste), vision, audition (hearing), equilibrium
5
Q
Exteroceptors
A
detect stimuli from external environment; skin and mucus membranes
6
Q
Interoceptors
A
detect stimuli from internal organs; visceral sensory receptors monitoring internal environment
7
Q
Proprioceptors
A
detect body and limb movements; somatosensory receptors of muscles, tendons, and joints
8
Q
Chemoreceptors
A
detect chemicals dissolved in fluid (external and internal)
9
Q
Thermoreceptors
A
detect changes in temperature (skin and hypothalamus)
10
Q
Photoreceptors
A
detect change in light intensity, color, movement (retina)
11
Q
Mechanoreceptors
A
detect distortion of cell membrane (touch, pressure, vibration, stretch)
12
Q
Nociceptors
A
detect painful stimuli (somatic=surface damage and visceral=internal organ damage)
13
Q
Unencapsulated tactile receptors
A
dendritic ends of sensory neurons with no protective cover
14
Q
Encapsulated tactile receptors
A
neuron endings wrapped by connective tissue or covered by connective tissue and glial cells (neurolemmocytes)
15
Q
Referred Pain
A
inaccurate localization of sensory signals
16
Q
Vallate papillae
A
largest, fewest, contain most of the taste buds; located in a row of 10-12 along the posterior dorsal tongue surface
17
Q
Accessory structures of the eye
A
six extrinsic eye muscles, eyebrows, eyelids, eyelashes, conjunctiva, lacrimal glands (caruncle and apparatus)
18
Q
Sclera
A
white of the eye; dense irregular CT; provides shape, protects internal components; attachment site for extrinsic eye muscles
19
Q
Cornea
A
anterior convex transparent “window”; inner layer of simple squamous epithelium, middle layer of collagen, outer layer of stratified squamous epithelium; no blood vessels; refracts light
20
Q
Fibrous Tunic of the eye
A
Sclera and Cornea
21
Q
Vascular tunic
A
Iris, Choroid, Ciliary body
22
Q
Retina
A
Pigmented layer and natural layer
23
Q
Choroid
A
extensive posterior region; many capillaries to nourish retina, many melanocytes to make melanin to absorb extraneous light
24
Q
Ciliary body
A
ciliary muscles and processes; anterior to the choroid;
25
Iris
gives eye color, most anterior region of uvea, contains smooth muscle, melanocytes, vessels, neural structures; controls pupil diameter
26
Anterior chamber of eye
between cornea and iris
27
Posterior chamber of eye
Between the iris and the lens
28
Sphincter Pupillae muscles
concentrically circular fibers constrict pupil with parasympathetic nervous system activity
29
Dilator pupillae muscle
radially organized smooth muscle dilates pupil with sympathetic nervous system activity
30
Photoreceptors
contains rods and cones and the pigments that react to light
31
Optic Disc
Blind spot with no photoreceptors; where ganglion axons exit toward brain
32
Peripheral Retina
Contains primarily rods; functions most effectively in low light
33
Lens
changes shape to focus light on retina; shape is determined by ciliary muscle and suspensory ligaments
34
Auricle
funnel-shaped visible part of ear with elastic cartilage; protects ear entry-way and directs sound waves inward
35
External acoustic meatus
ear canal; extends to tympanic membrane;
36
Tympanic Membrane
Eardrum; funnel-shaped epithelial sheet separating external and middle ear; vibrates when sound waves hit it
37
Cochlea
houses membranous cochlear duct;
37
Vestibule
contains two saclike, membranous parts: utricle and saccule; interconnected and positioned at right angles
38
Semicircular Canal
contains membranous semicircular ducts
39
Macula
receptor for static equilibrium and linear acceleration; located in utricle and saccule of vestibule; composed of a layer of hair cells and supporting cells
40
Ampulla
contains crista ampullaris with hair cells and support cells; sterocilia and kinocilia of hair cells are embedded in gelatinous cupula;
41
Olfactory Hairs
cilia projecting from receptor cell dendrite that house chemoreceptors for a specific odorant
42
Olfactory Bulbs
Ends of olfactory tracts located under the brain's frontal lobes; where olfactory nerve fiber synapse with mitral cells and tufted cells
43
Olfactory Tracts
axon bundles of mitral and tufted cells on inferior frontal lobe surface; project directly to primary olfactory cortex, hypothalamus, amygdala and other regions
44
Taste Buds
onion-shaped organs housing taste receptors; made of gustatory cells, supporting cells, and basal cells
45
Gustatory Cells
neuroepithelial chemoreceptive cells of taste buds; detect tastants and live 7-9 days
46
Filiform Papillae
short and spiked; no taste buds; help manipulate food; anterior two-thirds of tongue surface
47
Fungiform Papillae
mushroom-shaped; each contains a few taste buds; located on tip and sides of tongue
48
Foliate Papillae
Leaflike ridges; not well developed; house a few taste buds in early childhood; located on posterior lateral tongue
49
Rods
longer and narrower; more numerous; highly sensitive and activated by dim light; many rods converge on fewer bipolar cells which converge on fewer ganglion cells (sensitivity to dim light but a blury image)
50
Cones
concentrated at fovea centralis; activated by high intensity light, allows color vision; cones have a one-to-one relationship with bipolar cells and ganglion cells (sharp image but only in bright light)
51
Eyebrows
located along supraorbital ridge; aid in nonverbal communication and prevent sweat from dripping into eyes
52
Eyelashes
extend from margins of eyelids; prevent objects coming into contact with eye; initiate blink reflex
53
Conjunctiva
transparent lining of eye and lid surfaces; specialized stratified columnar epithelium
54
Lacrimal Apparatus Functions
produces, collects, drains fluid; lubricates, cleanses and moistens eye, reduces eyelid friction, defends against microbes, oxygenates and nourishes cornea;
55
Lacrimal Apparatus
Lacrimal gland to lacrimal puncta to lacrimal canaliculus to lacrimal sac to nasolacrimal duct to nasal cavity
56
Ciliary Muscles
bands of smooth muscle connected to lens; contraction loosens suspensory ligaments, altering lens shape
57
Pupil
opening in center of iris connecting the two chambers
58
Aqueous Humor
transparent watery fluid in anterior cavity; continuously produced by ciliary processes; nourishes and oxygenates lens and inner cornea
59
Somatic Sensory Receptors
tactile receptors of skin and mucous membranes; proprioceptors of joints, muscles, and tendons
60
Visceral Sensory Receptors
found in walls of internal organs, they monitor stretch, chemical environment, temperature, pain
61
Free Nerve Ending
terminal ends of sensory neuron dendrites; Simplest tactile receptors, Reside close to skin surface and in mucous membranes, Mainly for pain and temperature but also light touch and pressure
62
Root Hair Plexuses
wrap around hair follicle, detect hair displacement,
63
Tactile Discs
flattened endings of sensory neurons extending to tactile cells
64
End Bulbs
are ensheathed in connective tissue; Located in dermis and mucus membranes; Detect pressure and low-frequency vibration
65
Lamellated Corpuscles
wrapped in neurolemmocytes and concentric layers of connective tissue; Located deep in dermis, hypodermis, some organ walls; Detect deep pressure, course touch, high-frequency vibration
66
Bulbous Corpscles
wrapped in CT; Within dermis and subcutaneous layer; Detect deep pressure and skin distortion
67
Tactile Corpscles
intertwined endings wrapped in modified neurolemmocytes, covered in connective tissue; Discriminative light touch—allow recognition of texture, shape
68
Basal Cells
replace olfactory receptor cells every 40 to 60 days; replacement and sensitivity decline with age
69
Vitreous Humor
Transparent gelatinous fluid in posterior cavity; Helps eye maintain shape; Supports retina—keeps it flush against back of eye
70
Lamina Propria
Areolar connective tissue layer internal to olfactory epithelium; Houses blood vessels, nerves, and olfactory glands
71
Taste Pore
Path to tongue surface
72
Gustation Pathway
Gustatory cells through facial and glossopharyngeal nerves and synapse in the medulla oblongata
73
Eyelids
Physically protect the eye
74
Lacrimal Caruncle
Pink Part of inner eye
75
Fovea Centralis
Highest proportion of cones (hardly any rods); Area of sharpest vision
76
Visual Pathway
Optic Nerve, Chiasm, Tract
77
Optic Nerve
exits out the back of the eye; Medial axons cross to the opposite side of brain
Lateral axons remain on same side
78
Chiasm
Crossing of Optic Nerves in the Brain (X shape)
79
Optic Tract
contains axons from both eyes that will project to the thalamus or midbrain
80
Auditory ossicles
Malleus, Incus, Stapes
81
Auditory Tube
Passage extending from middle ear to nasopharynx; Usually closed, but yawning allows air movement through the tube; Equalizes pressure on either side of tympanic membrane
82
Tympanic Cavity
Air-Filled Cavity
83
Bony Labyrinth of Ear
mazelike spaces in temporal bone
84
Perilymph
interstitial fluid of the bony labyrinth
85
Endolymph
similar to intracellular fluid, rich in K+
86
Cochlear Duct
located between the tympanic duct and the vestibular duct; membranous
87
Auditory Pathways
Signal to cochlear branch of CN8 to cochlear nucleus (medulla oblongata) to midbrain to thalamus to primary auditory cortex
88
Otoliths
calcium carbonate crystals
89
Otolithic Membrane
Gelatinous Membrane
90
Cupula
gelatinous; embedded with Stereocilia and kinocilia of hair cells
91
Equilibrium Pathway
Signals to the vestibular branch of CN VIII to vestibular nuclei or cerebellum to thalamus to cerebral cortex for awareness of body positions
92
Respond to a stimulus, provide info about internal and external environments; each have a preferred stimulus; have a resting membrane potential
Sensory Receptors
93
the distribution area of the endings of a sensory neuron (smaller = more precise)
Receptive field
94
a stimulus we are consciously aware of (signals that reach the cerebral cortex)
Sensation
95
Olfaction (smell), gustation (taste), vision, audition (hearing), equilibrium
Special Sense Receptors (5)
96
detect stimuli from external environment; skin and mucus membranes
Exteroceptors
97
detect stimuli from internal organs; visceral sensory receptors monitoring internal environment
Interoceptors
98
detect body and limb movements; somatosensory receptors of muscles, tendons, and joints
Proprioceptors
99
detect chemicals dissolved in fluid (external and internal)
Chemoreceptors
100
detect changes in temperature (skin and hypothalamus)
Thermoreceptors
101
detect change in light intensity, color, movement (retina)
Photoreceptors
102
detect distortion of cell membrane (touch, pressure, vibration, stretch)
Mechanoreceptors
103
detect painful stimuli (somatic=surface damage and visceral=internal organ damage)
Nociceptors
104
dendritic ends of sensory neurons with no protective cover
Unencapsulated tactile receptors
105
neuron endings wrapped by connective tissue or covered by connective tissue and glial cells (neurolemmocytes)
Encapsulated tactile receptors
106
inaccurate localization of sensory signals
Referred Pain
107
largest, fewest, contain most of the taste buds; located in a row of 10-12 along the posterior dorsal tongue surface
Vallate papillae
108
six extrinsic eye muscles, eyebrows, eyelids, eyelashes, conjunctiva, lacrimal glands (caruncle and apparatus)
Accessory structures of the eye
109
white of the eye; dense irregular CT; provides shape, protects internal components; attachment site for extrinsic eye muscles
Sclera
110
anterior convex transparent "window"; inner layer of simple squamous epithelium, middle layer of collagen, outer layer of stratified squamous epithelium; no blood vessels; refracts light
Cornea
111
Sclera and Cornea
Fibrous Tunic of the eye
112
Iris, Choroid, Ciliary body
Vascular tunic
113
Pigmented layer and natural layer
Retina
114
extensive posterior region; many capillaries to nourish retina, many melanocytes to make melanin to absorb extraneous light
Choroid
115
ciliary muscles and processes; anterior to the choroid;
Ciliary body
116
gives eye color, most anterior region of uvea, contains smooth muscle, melanocytes, vessels, neural structures; controls pupil diameter
Iris
117
between cornea and iris
Anterior chamber of eye
118
Between the iris and the lens
Posterior chamber of eye
119
concentrically circular fibers constrict pupil with parasympathetic nervous system activity
Sphincter Pupillae muscles
120
radially organized smooth muscle dilates pupil with sympathetic nervous system activity
Dilator pupillae muscle
121
contains rods and cones and the pigments that react to light
Photoreceptors
122
Blind spot with no photoreceptors; where ganglion axons exit toward brain
Optic Disc
123
Contains primarily rods; functions most effectively in low light
Peripheral Retina
124
changes shape to focus light on retina; shape is determined by ciliary muscle and suspensory ligaments
Lens
125
funnel-shaped visible part of ear with elastic cartilage; protects ear entry-way and directs sound waves inward
Auricle
126
ear canal; extends to tympanic membrane;
External acoustic meatus
127
Eardrum; funnel-shaped epithelial sheet separating external and middle ear; vibrates when sound waves hit it
Tympanic Membrane
128
houses membranous cochlear duct;
Cochlea
129
contains two saclike, membranous parts: utricle and saccule; interconnected and positioned at right angles
Vestibule
130
contains membranous semicircular ducts
Semicircular Canal
131
receptor for static equilibrium and linear acceleration; located in utricle and saccule of vestibule; composed of a layer of hair cells and supporting cells
Macula
132
contains crista ampullaris with hair cells and support cells; sterocilia and kinocilia of hair cells are embedded in gelatinous cupula;
Ampulla
133
cilia projecting from receptor cell dendrite that house chemoreceptors for a specific odorant
Olfactory Hairs
134
Ends of olfactory tracts located under the brain's frontal lobes; where olfactory nerve fiber synapse with mitral cells and tufted cells
Olfactory Bulbs
135
axon bundles of mitral and tufted cells on inferior frontal lobe surface; project directly to primary olfactory cortex, hypothalamus, amygdala and other regions
Olfactory Tracts
136
onion-shaped organs housing taste receptors; made of gustatory cells, supporting cells, and basal cells
Taste Buds
137
neuroepithelial chemoreceptive cells of taste buds; detect tastants and live 7-9 days
Gustatory Cells
138
short and spiked; no taste buds; help manipulate food; anterior two-thirds of tongue surface
Filiform Papillae
139
mushroom-shaped; each contains a few taste buds; located on tip and sides of tongue
Fungiform Papillae
140
Leaflike ridges; not well developed; house a few taste buds in early childhood; located on posterior lateral tongue
Foliate Papillae
141
longer and narrower; more numerous; highly sensitive and activated by dim light; many rods converge on fewer bipolar cells which converge on fewer ganglion cells (sensitivity to dim light but a blury image)
Rods
142
concentrated at fovea centralis; activated by high intensity light, allows color vision; cones have a one-to-one relationship with bipolar cells and ganglion cells (sharp image but only in bright light)
Cones
143
located along supraorbital ridge; aid in nonverbal communication and prevent sweat from dripping into eyes
Eyebrows
144
extend from margins of eyelids; prevent objects coming into contact with eye; initiate blink reflex
Eyelashes
145
transparent lining of eye and lid surfaces; specialized stratified columnar epithelium
Conjunctiva
146
produces, collects, drains fluid; lubricates, cleanses and moistens eye, reduces eyelid friction, defends against microbes, oxygenates and nourishes cornea;
Lacrimal Apparatus Functions
147
Lacrimal gland to lacrimal puncta to lacrimal canaliculus to lacrimal sac to nasolacrimal duct to nasal cavity
Lacrimal Apparatus
148
bands of smooth muscle connected to lens; contraction loosens suspensory ligaments, altering lens shape
Ciliary Muscles
149
opening in center of iris connecting the two chambers
Pupil
150
transparent watery fluid in anterior cavity; continuously produced by ciliary processes; nourishes and oxygenates lens and inner cornea
Aqueous Humor
151
tactile receptors of skin and mucous membranes; proprioceptors of joints, muscles, and tendons
Somatic Sensory Receptors
152
found in walls of internal organs, they monitor stretch, chemical environment, temperature, pain
Visceral Sensory Receptors
153
terminal ends of sensory neuron dendrites; Simplest tactile receptors, Reside close to skin surface and in mucous membranes, Mainly for pain and temperature but also light touch and pressure
Free Nerve Ending
154
wrap around hair follicle, detect hair displacement,
Root Hair Plexuses
155
flattened endings of sensory neurons extending to tactile cells
Tactile Discs
156
are ensheathed in connective tissue; Located in dermis and mucus membranes; Detect pressure and low-frequency vibration
End Bulbs
157
wrapped in neurolemmocytes and concentric layers of connective tissue; Located deep in dermis, hypodermis, some organ walls; Detect deep pressure, course touch, high-frequency vibration
Lamellated Corpuscles
158
wrapped in CT; Within dermis and subcutaneous layer; Detect deep pressure and skin distortion
Bulbous Corpscles
159
intertwined endings wrapped in modified neurolemmocytes, covered in connective tissue; Discriminative light touch—allow recognition of texture, shape
Tactile Corpscles
160
replace olfactory receptor cells every 40 to 60 days; replacement and sensitivity decline with age
Basal Cells
161
Transparent gelatinous fluid in posterior cavity; Helps eye maintain shape; Supports retina—keeps it flush against back of eye
Vitreous Humor
162
Areolar connective tissue layer internal to olfactory epithelium; Houses blood vessels, nerves, and olfactory glands
Lamina Propria
163
Path to tongue surface
Taste Pore
164
Gustatory cells through facial and glossopharyngeal nerves and synapse in the medulla oblongata
Gustation Pathway
165
Physically protect the eye
Eyelids
166
Pink Part of inner eye
Lacrimal Caruncle
167
Highest proportion of cones (hardly any rods); Area of sharpest vision
Fovea Centralis
168
Optic Nerve, Chiasm, Tract
Visual Pathway
169
exits out the back of the eye; Medial axons cross to the opposite side of brain
Lateral axons remain on same side
Optic Nerve
170
Crossing of Optic Nerves in the Brain (X shape)
Chiasm
171
contains axons from both eyes that will project to the thalamus or midbrain
Optic Tract
172
Malleus, Incus, Stapes
Auditory ossicles
173
Passage extending from middle ear to nasopharynx; Usually closed, but yawning allows air movement through the tube; Equalizes pressure on either side of tympanic membrane
Auditory Tube
174
Air-Filled Cavity
Tympanic Cavity
175
mazelike spaces in temporal bone
Bony Labyrinth of Ear
176
interstitial fluid of the bony labyrinth
Perilymph
177
similar to intracellular fluid, rich in K+
Endolymph
178
located between the tympanic duct and the vestibular duct; membranous
Cochlear Duct
179
Signal to cochlear branch of CN8 to cochlear nucleus (medulla oblongata) to midbrain to thalamus to primary auditory cortex
Auditory Pathways
180
calcium carbonate crystals
Otoliths
181
Gelatinous Membrane
Otolithic Membrane
182
gelatinous; embedded with Stereocilia and kinocilia of hair cells
Cupula
183
Signals to the vestibular branch of CN VIII to vestibular nuclei or cerebellum to thalamus to cerebral cortex for awareness of body positions
Equilibrium Pathway
