Chapter 12

Question 1

Three Functions of the Nervous System

Answer 1

Collects information (specialized nervous structures, receptors, monitor changes in external and internal environment); Processes and evaluates information then determines if response is required; initiates response to information via nerves to effectors which include muscle tissue and glands

Question 2

Structural organization

Answer 2

CNS (Brain and Spinal Cord) and Peripheral nervous system (nerves and ganglia)

Question 3

Functional Organization

Answer 3

Afferent and Efferent

Question 4

Afferent

Answer 4

Sensory nervous system detects stimuli and transmits information from receptors to the CNS (somatic and visceral)

Question 5

Somatic Sensory

Answer 5

sensory input that is consciously perceived from receptors

Question 6

Visceral Sensory

Answer 6

Sensory input that is not consciously perceived from blood vessels and internal organs

Question 7

Efferent

Answer 7

motor nervous system initiates and transmits information from the CNS to effectors (somatic motor and autonomic motor)

Question 8

Somatic Motor

Answer 8

Motor output that is consciously or voluntarily controlled; skeletal muscle

Question 9

Autonomic Motor

Answer 9

Motor Output that is not consciously or is involuntarily controlled; cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands

Question 10

Characteristics of Neurons

Answer 10

Excitability, Conductivity, Secretion (release ACh and Norepinephrine), Extreme Longevity; Amitotic (cannot reproduce)

Question 11

Neurons

Answer 11

Basic structural unit of the nervous system; excitable cells that transmit electrical signals

Question 12

Glial Cells

Answer 12

non-excitable cells that primarily support and protect neurons; capable of mitosis;

Question 13

Unipolar Neurons

Answer 13

Single short cell process; fuses the two processes to one long axon; axons with peripheral process (dendrites to cell body) and central process (cell body to CNS)

Question 14

Bipolar Neuron

Answer 14

Two nerve cell processes extend directly from the cell body; one axon and one dendrite (retina of the eye)

Question 15

Multipolar Neuron

Answer 15

Multiple nerve processes extend directly from the cell body; typically many dendrites and one axon; most common type

Question 16

Sensory Neurons

Answer 16

afferent neurons; conduct input from somatic and visceral receptors; most unipolar, few bipolar; cell bodies usually in posterior root ganglia, outside CNS

Question 17

Motor Neurons

Answer 17

efferent neurons; conduct motor output to somatic and visceral effectors; all multipolar; most cell bodies in CNS

Question 18

Interneurons

Answer 18

association neurons; entirely within the CNS; receive stimulation from many other neurons; receive, process, and store information; decide how body responds to stimuli; facilitate communication between sensory and motor neurons; generally multipolar

Question 19

Epineurium

Answer 19

dense irregular connective tissue; encloses the entire nerve; provides support and protection

Question 20

Perineurium

Answer 20

Layer of dense irregular connective tissue; wraps bundles of axons, fascicles, supports blood vessels

Question 21

Endoneurium

Answer 21

delicate layer of areolar connective tissue; separates and electrically insulates each axon; has capillaries that supply the axon

Question 22

Astrocytes

Answer 22

Processes touch capillary walls and neurons (perivascular feet); most abundant glial cell in CNS; help form the blood-brain barrier; Regulate tissue fluid composition; form a structural network; direct development of neurons in fetal brain;

Question 23

Ependymal Cells

Answer 23

line internal cavities of brain and spinal cord; ciliated simple cuboidal or simple columnar epithelial cells; form choroid plexus with blood capillaries which help produce CSF

Question 24

Microgilia

Answer 24

Small cells with slender branches; smallest percentage of CNS glial cells; phagocytic cells of the immune system; wander CNS and replicate in infection; engulf infectious agents; remove debris from dead or damaged tissue

Question 25

Oligodendrocytes

Answer 25

processes ensheathing portions of axons of different neurons; insulate axons in a myelin sheath; prevent passage of ions through axonal membrane; allow for faster action potential propagation through CNS

Question 26

Satellite Cells

Answer 26

arranged around neuronal cell bodies in a ganglion; physically separate cell bodies in ganglion from surrounding fluid; regulate the exchange of nutrients and waste products;

Question 27

Neurolemmocytes

Answer 27

Ensheathe PNS axons to from myelin sheath; allows for faster action potential propagation

Question 28

Collects information (specialized nervous structures, receptors, monitor changes in external and internal environment); Processes and evaluates information then determines if response is required; initiates response to information via nerves to effectors which include muscle tissue and glands

Answer 28

Three Functions of the Nervous System

Question 29

CNS (Brain and Spinal Cord) and Peripheral nervous system (nerves and ganglia)

Answer 29

Structural organization

Question 30

Afferent and Efferent

Answer 30

Functional Organization

Question 31

Sensory nervous system detects stimuli and transmits information from receptors to the CNS (somatic and visceral)

Answer 31

Afferent

Question 32

sensory input that is consciously perceived from receptors

Answer 32

Somatic Sensory

Question 33

Sensory input that is not consciously perceived from blood vessels and internal organs

Answer 33

Visceral Sensory

Question 34

motor nervous system initiates and transmits information from the CNS to effectors (somatic motor and autonomic motor)

Answer 34

Efferent

Question 35

Motor output that is consciously or voluntarily controlled; skeletal muscle

Answer 35

Somatic Motor

Question 36

Motor Output that is not consciously or is involuntarily controlled; cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands

Answer 36

Autonomic Motor

Question 37

Excitability, Conductivity, Secretion (release ACh and Norepinephrine), Extreme Longevity; Amitotic (cannot reproduce)

Answer 37

Characteristics of Neurons

Question 38

Basic structural unit of the nervous system; excitable cells that transmit electrical signals

Answer 38

Neurons

Question 39

non-excitable cells that primarily support and protect neurons; capable of mitosis;

Answer 39

Glial Cells

Question 40

Single short cell process; fuses the two processes to one long axon; axons with peripheral process (dendrites to cell body) and central process (cell body to CNS)

Answer 40

Unipolar Neurons

Question 41

Two nerve cell processes extend directly from the cell body; one axon and one dendrite (retina of the eye)

Answer 41

Bipolar Neuron

Question 42

Multiple nerve processes extend directly from the cell body; typically many dendrites and one axon; most common type

Answer 42

Multipolar Neuron

Question 43

afferent neurons; conduct input from somatic and visceral receptors; most unipolar, few bipolar; cell bodies usually in posterior root ganglia, outside CNS

Answer 43

Sensory Neurons

Question 44

efferent neurons; conduct motor output to somatic and visceral effectors; all multipolar; most cell bodies in CNS

Answer 44

Motor Neurons

Question 45

association neurons; entirely within the CNS; receive stimulation from many other neurons; receive, process, and store information; decide how body responds to stimuli; facilitate communication between sensory and motor neurons; generally multipolar

Answer 45

Interneurons

Question 46

dense irregular connective tissue; encloses the entire nerve; provides support and protection

Answer 46

Epineurium

Question 47

Layer of dense irregular connective tissue; wraps bundles of axons, fascicles, supports blood vessels

Answer 47

Perineurium

Question 48

delicate layer of areolar connective tissue; separates and electrically insulates each axon; has capillaries that supply the axon

Answer 48

Endoneurium

Question 49

Processes touch capillary walls and neurons (perivascular feet); most abundant glial cell in CNS; help form the blood-brain barrier; Regulate tissue fluid composition; form a structural network; direct development of neurons in fetal brain;

Answer 49

Astrocytes

Question 50

line internal cavities of brain and spinal cord; ciliated simple cuboidal or simple columnar epithelial cells; form choroid plexus with blood capillaries which help produce CSF

Answer 50

Ependymal Cells

Question 51

Small cells with slender branches; smallest percentage of CNS glial cells; phagocytic cells of the immune system; wander CNS and replicate in infection; engulf infectious agents; remove debris from dead or damaged tissue

Answer 51

Microgilia

Question 52

processes ensheathing portions of axons of different neurons; insulate axons in a myelin sheath; prevent passage of ions through axonal membrane; allow for faster action potential propagation through CNS

Answer 52

Oligodendrocytes

Question 53

arranged around neuronal cell bodies in a ganglion; physically separate cell bodies in ganglion from surrounding fluid; regulate the exchange of nutrients and waste products;

Answer 53

Satellite Cells

Question 54

Ensheathe PNS axons to form myelin sheath; allows for faster action potential propagation

Answer 54

Neurolemmocytes