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Anatomy > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

Three Functions of the Nervous System

A

Collects information (specialized nervous structures, receptors, monitor changes in external and internal environment); Processes and evaluates information then determines if response is required; initiates response to information via nerves to effectors which include muscle tissue and glands

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2
Q

Structural organization

A

CNS (Brain and Spinal Cord) and Peripheral nervous system (nerves and ganglia)

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3
Q

Functional Organization

A

Afferent and Efferent

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4
Q

Afferent

A

Sensory nervous system detects stimuli and transmits information from receptors to the CNS (somatic and visceral)

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5
Q

Somatic Sensory

A

sensory input that is consciously perceived from receptors

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6
Q

Visceral Sensory

A

Sensory input that is not consciously perceived from blood vessels and internal organs

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7
Q

Efferent

A

motor nervous system initiates and transmits information from the CNS to effectors (somatic motor and autonomic motor)

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8
Q

Somatic Motor

A

Motor output that is consciously or voluntarily controlled; skeletal muscle

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9
Q

Autonomic Motor

A

Motor Output that is not consciously or is involuntarily controlled; cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands

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10
Q

Characteristics of Neurons

A

Excitability, Conductivity, Secretion (release ACh and Norepinephrine), Extreme Longevity; Amitotic (cannot reproduce)

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11
Q

Neurons

A

Basic structural unit of the nervous system; excitable cells that transmit electrical signals

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12
Q

Glial Cells

A

non-excitable cells that primarily support and protect neurons; capable of mitosis;

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13
Q

Unipolar Neurons

A

Single short cell process; fuses the two processes to one long axon; axons with peripheral process (dendrites to cell body) and central process (cell body to CNS)

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14
Q

Bipolar Neuron

A

Two nerve cell processes extend directly from the cell body; one axon and one dendrite (retina of the eye)

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15
Q

Multipolar Neuron

A

Multiple nerve processes extend directly from the cell body; typically many dendrites and one axon; most common type

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16
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

afferent neurons; conduct input from somatic and visceral receptors; most unipolar, few bipolar; cell bodies usually in posterior root ganglia, outside CNS

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17
Q

Motor Neurons

A

efferent neurons; conduct motor output to somatic and visceral effectors; all multipolar; most cell bodies in CNS

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18
Q

Interneurons

A

association neurons; entirely within the CNS; receive stimulation from many other neurons; receive, process, and store information; decide how body responds to stimuli; facilitate communication between sensory and motor neurons; generally multipolar

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19
Q

Epineurium

A

dense irregular connective tissue; encloses the entire nerve; provides support and protection

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20
Q

Perineurium

A

Layer of dense irregular connective tissue; wraps bundles of axons, fascicles, supports blood vessels

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21
Q

Endoneurium

A

delicate layer of areolar connective tissue; separates and electrically insulates each axon; has capillaries that supply the axon

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22
Q

Astrocytes

A

Processes touch capillary walls and neurons (perivascular feet); most abundant glial cell in CNS; help form the blood-brain barrier; Regulate tissue fluid composition; form a structural network; direct development of neurons in fetal brain;

23
Q

Ependymal Cells

A

line internal cavities of brain and spinal cord; ciliated simple cuboidal or simple columnar epithelial cells; form choroid plexus with blood capillaries which help produce CSF

24
Q

Microgilia

A

Small cells with slender branches; smallest percentage of CNS glial cells; phagocytic cells of the immune system; wander CNS and replicate in infection; engulf infectious agents; remove debris from dead or damaged tissue

25
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

processes ensheathing portions of axons of different neurons; insulate axons in a myelin sheath; prevent passage of ions through axonal membrane; allow for faster action potential propagation through CNS

26
Q

Satellite Cells

A

arranged around neuronal cell bodies in a ganglion; physically separate cell bodies in ganglion from surrounding fluid; regulate the exchange of nutrients and waste products;

27
Q

Neurolemmocytes

A

Ensheathe PNS axons to from myelin sheath; allows for faster action potential propagation

28
Q

Collects information (specialized nervous structures, receptors, monitor changes in external and internal environment); Processes and evaluates information then determines if response is required; initiates response to information via nerves to effectors which include muscle tissue and glands

A

Three Functions of the Nervous System

29
Q

CNS (Brain and Spinal Cord) and Peripheral nervous system (nerves and ganglia)

A

Structural organization

30
Q

Afferent and Efferent

A

Functional Organization

31
Q

Sensory nervous system detects stimuli and transmits information from receptors to the CNS (somatic and visceral)

A

Afferent

32
Q

sensory input that is consciously perceived from receptors

A

Somatic Sensory

33
Q

Sensory input that is not consciously perceived from blood vessels and internal organs

A

Visceral Sensory

34
Q

motor nervous system initiates and transmits information from the CNS to effectors (somatic motor and autonomic motor)

A

Efferent

35
Q

Motor output that is consciously or voluntarily controlled; skeletal muscle

A

Somatic Motor

36
Q

Motor Output that is not consciously or is involuntarily controlled; cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands

A

Autonomic Motor

37
Q

Excitability, Conductivity, Secretion (release ACh and Norepinephrine), Extreme Longevity; Amitotic (cannot reproduce)

A

Characteristics of Neurons

38
Q

Basic structural unit of the nervous system; excitable cells that transmit electrical signals

A

Neurons

39
Q

non-excitable cells that primarily support and protect neurons; capable of mitosis;

A

Glial Cells

40
Q

Single short cell process; fuses the two processes to one long axon; axons with peripheral process (dendrites to cell body) and central process (cell body to CNS)

A

Unipolar Neurons

41
Q

Two nerve cell processes extend directly from the cell body; one axon and one dendrite (retina of the eye)

A

Bipolar Neuron

42
Q

Multiple nerve processes extend directly from the cell body; typically many dendrites and one axon; most common type

A

Multipolar Neuron

43
Q

afferent neurons; conduct input from somatic and visceral receptors; most unipolar, few bipolar; cell bodies usually in posterior root ganglia, outside CNS

A

Sensory Neurons

44
Q

efferent neurons; conduct motor output to somatic and visceral effectors; all multipolar; most cell bodies in CNS

A

Motor Neurons

45
Q

association neurons; entirely within the CNS; receive stimulation from many other neurons; receive, process, and store information; decide how body responds to stimuli; facilitate communication between sensory and motor neurons; generally multipolar

A

Interneurons

46
Q

dense irregular connective tissue; encloses the entire nerve; provides support and protection

A

Epineurium

47
Q

Layer of dense irregular connective tissue; wraps bundles of axons, fascicles, supports blood vessels

A

Perineurium

48
Q

delicate layer of areolar connective tissue; separates and electrically insulates each axon; has capillaries that supply the axon

A

Endoneurium

49
Q

Processes touch capillary walls and neurons (perivascular feet); most abundant glial cell in CNS; help form the blood-brain barrier; Regulate tissue fluid composition; form a structural network; direct development of neurons in fetal brain;

A

Astrocytes

50
Q

line internal cavities of brain and spinal cord; ciliated simple cuboidal or simple columnar epithelial cells; form choroid plexus with blood capillaries which help produce CSF

A

Ependymal Cells

51
Q

Small cells with slender branches; smallest percentage of CNS glial cells; phagocytic cells of the immune system; wander CNS and replicate in infection; engulf infectious agents; remove debris from dead or damaged tissue

A

Microgilia

52
Q

processes ensheathing portions of axons of different neurons; insulate axons in a myelin sheath; prevent passage of ions through axonal membrane; allow for faster action potential propagation through CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

53
Q

arranged around neuronal cell bodies in a ganglion; physically separate cell bodies in ganglion from surrounding fluid; regulate the exchange of nutrients and waste products;

A

Satellite Cells

54
Q

Ensheathe PNS axons to form myelin sheath; allows for faster action potential propagation

A

Neurolemmocytes

Anatomy (26 decks)

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