Chapter 28 - Progressivism and the Republican Roosevelt, 1901-1912

Question 1

Progressives

Answer 1

The Progressive movement took place from the 1890-1920. Progressives lived mainly in the cities, were college educated, and believed that government could be a tool for change. Social reformers, like Jane Addams, and journalists, like Jacob Riis and Ida Tarbel, were powerful voices for progressivism. Major achievements - Prohibition, Direct election of senators, referendum, and the ballot initiative.

Question 2

Laissez-faire

Answer 2

“Hands - off” attitude of the government towards business. Allowed businesses to regulate themselves, and the invisible hand would take care of the rest.

Question 3

Henry Demarest Lloyd

Answer 3

One of the first muckrakers who set the tone for later journalists. Biggest story was an expose of Standard Oil.

Question 4

Jacob Riis

Answer 4

Photographer/muckraker who published “How the Other Half Lives” about the horrible conditions in the New York City slums.

Question 5

Theodore Dreiser

Answer 5

Theodore Herman Albert Dreiser was an American novelist and journalist of the naturalist school. His novels often featured main characters who succeeded at their objectives despite a lack of a firm moral code.

Question 6

Jane Addams

Answer 6

Jane Addams was a pioneer American settlement activist/reformer, social worker, public philosopher, sociologist, author, and leader in women’s suffrage and world peace. She created the first Hull House.

Question 7

Lillian Weld

Answer 7

was an American nurse, humanitarian and author. She founded the Henry Street Settlement and was an early advocate for nursing in schools.

Question 8

McClure’s

Answer 8

an American illustrated monthly periodical popular at the turn of the 20th century. The magazine is credited with having started the tradition of muckraking journalism (investigative, watchdog or reform journalism).

Question 9

Lincoln Steffens

Answer 9

a New York reporter who published a book titled “The Shame of the Cities.“ He is remembered for investigating corruption in municipal government in American cities.

Question 10

Ida M. Tarbell

Answer 10

She was one of the leading “muckrakers” of the progressive era of the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is thought to have pioneered investigative journalism. She is best known for her 1904 book, “The History of the Standard Oil Company.”

Question 11

Thomas W. Lawson

Answer 11

Muckraker journalist famous for his critical takes on Wall Street corruption, even though had made a fortune through shady stock market deals.

Question 12

David G. Phillips

Answer 12

Wrote an article called “The Treason of the Senate,” exposing campaign contributors being rewarded by certain members of the U. S. Senate.

Question 13

Ray Stannard Baker

Answer 13

Wrote Following the Color Line: An Account of Negro Citizenship in the American Democracy, becoming the first prominent journalist to examine America’s racial divide

Question 14

John Spargo

Answer 14

Muckraker. Wrote the Bitter Cry of Children about child labor in coal mines

Question 15

Direct Primary Elections

Answer 15

Progressive reform for political parties would have populations vote on the delegates that will run in the general election. This would stop party corruption from nominating “party insiders”

Question 16

Initiative

Answer 16

Progressive reform. Laws would be allowed to be started by the population of a state instead of by the state legislature.

Question 17

Referendum

Answer 17

Progressive reform. Some laws would be presented to the public for an up or down vote. (Recent example: the marijuana legalization law from last year)

Question 18

Recall

Answer 18

Progressive reform. Allowed voters to vote to take a sitting governor out of power.

Question 19

Australian Ballot

Answer 19

Progressive reform. Ballots are secret, so voters wouldn’t be intimidated.

Question 20

Millionaires’ Club -

Answer 20

Snide nickname for the US Senate

Question 21

Seventeenth Amendment

Answer 21

Progressive reform. Provided for direct election of senators, instead of the old practice of the state congress picking the nominees for the US Senate.

Question 22

Suffragists

Answer 22

A general term for people who were part of the women’s suffrage (voting rights) movement.

Question 23

Robert M. La Follette

Answer 23

Fightin’ Bob La Follete was a progressive Republican Senator and Governor from Wisconsin.

Question 24

The Wisconsin Idea

Answer 24

Progressive-era policy to apply the expertise of the state’s university to social legislation that benefited all the state’s citizens; it led to classic programs such as regulation of utilities, workers’ compensation, tax reform, and university extension services.

Question 25

Hiram W. Johnson

Answer 25

Republican Governor of California in 1910, this dynamic prosecutor of grafters helped break the dominant grip of the Southern Pacific Railroad on California politics and then, like La Follette, set up a political machine of his own

Question 26

Charles Evans Hughes

Answer 26

the able and audacious reformist Republican governor of New York, had earlier gained national fame as an investigator of malpractices by gas and insurance companies and by the coal trust.

Question 27

Triangle Shirtwaist Company

Answer 27

Shirt factory in NYC that had locked doors and other flagrant violations of the fire code turned the factory into a death trap when it caught on fire in 1911 146 women burned to death. The tragedy led to public outcry and a strike led the New York legislature to pass much stronger laws regulating the hours and conditions of sweatshop toil.

Question 28

Muller v. Oregon

Answer 28

attorney Louis D. Brandeis persuaded the Supreme Court to accept the constitutionality of laws protecting women workers by presenting evidence of the harmful effects of factory labor on women’s weaker bodies. This victory had the benefit of protecting women workers, but because of its argument, closed some jobs to women.

Question 29

Lochner v. New York

Answer 29

1905 Supreme Court decision which invalidated a New York law establishing a ten-hour day for bakers.

Question 30

Woman’s Christian Temperance Union

Answer 30

by Frances E. Willard became the largest organization of women in the world. It allied with the Anti-Saloon League to fight alcoholism by closing saloons and beer halls.

Question 31

Frances E. Willard

Answer 31

Founder of the WCTU who would fall on her knees in prayer on saloon floors to make her points.

Question 32

“Wet” and “Dry”

Answer 32

some states and numerous counties passed “dry” laws, which controlled, restricted, or abolished alcohol. The big cities were generally “wet,” (no control on the sale of alcohol) for they had a large immigrant vote accustomed in the Old Country tothe free flow of wine and beer. By 1914, nearly one-half of the population lived in “dry” territory, and nearly three-fourths of the total area had outlawed saloons.

Question 33

Square Deal

Answer 33

The principle of Theodore Roosevelt’s program that embraced three C’s: control of the corporations, consumer protection, and conservation of natural resources.

Question 34

Department of Commerce and Labor

Answer 34

Federal department (cabinet level body) established in 1903 designed to settle problems between labor and capitalists. It included the Bureau of Corporations, which was authorized to probe businesses engaged in interstate commerce.

Question 35

Elkins Act

Answer 35

aimed primarily at the rebate evil. Heavy fines could now be imposed both on the railroads that gave rebates and on the shippers that accepted them.

Question 36

Hepburn Act

Answer 36

1906 act that strengthened existing railroad regulations in the following ways: 1. Increased the size of the interstate commerce commission to seven members. 2. Gave the ICC the power to establish maximum rates. 3. Restricted the use of free passes. 4. Brought other common carriers such as terminals, storage facilities, pipelines, ferries and others under ICC jurisdiction. 5. Required the adoption of uniform accounting practices for all carriers. 6. Place the burden of proof on the shippers not the ICC in disputes.

Question 37

Trust Busting

Answer 37

Term that referred to President Theodore Roosevelt’s policy of prosecuting monopolies, or “trusts,” that violated federal antitrust law. Roosevelt’s “trust-busting” policy marked a major departure from previous administrations’ policies, which had generally failed to enforce the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, and added momentum to the progressive reform movements of the early 1900s

Question 38

Northern Securities Company

Answer 38

RR trust ran by JP Morgan, was broken up by Teddy Roosevelt, and set the tone for his “trust busting” presidency.

Question 39

The Jungle

Answer 39

Book, written by Upton Sinclair, about the conditions in the meatpacking industry. This was meant to be about poor working conditions, but it ended up disgusting the public on how our meat was being made.

Question 40

Meat Inspection Act

Answer 40

1906. Passed in response to The Jungle by Teddy Roosevelt. Improved conditions in meatpacking industries.

Question 41

Forest Reserve Act

Answer 41

1891 law, authorizing the president to set aside public forests as national parks and other Reserves for the public good. 46 million acres of magnificent trees were rescued from the lumberman’s saw in the 1890s.

Question 42

Gifford Pinchot

Answer 42

dedicated conservationists and first chief of the US forest service . His work helped prepare the way for the more sweeping conservation reforms of Roosevelt.

Question 43

Newlands Act

Answer 43

authorized to collect money from the sale of public lands in the sun-baked western states and then use these funds for the development of irrigation projects. Settlers repaid the cost of reclamation from their now-productive soil, and the money was put into a revolving fund to finance more such enterprises. The result was dozens of dams thrown across virtually every major Western River in the west.

Question 44

Conservation

Answer 44

Roosevelt’s most enduring tangible achievement. It was based on the upwelling national mood of concern about the disappearance of the frontier. Progressive conservationists believed that nature must be neither uncritically reverenced nor wastefully exploited, but must instead be efficiently utilized.

Question 45

Call of the Wild

Answer 45

1903 novel by Jack London. It wrote about the value of the great outdoors upon the human spirit.

Question 46

Boy Scouts

Answer 46

Scouts founded in 1910. Its goal is to train the youth in responsible citizenship, character development, and self-reliance through participation in a wide range of outdoor activities. It became the country’s largest youth organization.

Question 47

Sierra Club

Answer 47

Founded in 1892, dedicated itself to preserving the wildness of the western landscape. But it was more than a major group, it was also politically active in the conservation movement.

Question 48

William Howard Taft

Answer 48

Secretary of War under Roosevelt. He was chosen by Roosevelt as his successor. He was nominated on the first ballot to be the Republican presidential nominee at the convention of 1908.

Question 49

Eugene V. Debs

Answer 49

The hero of the Pullman strike of 1894. He was the 1908 nominee for president by the Socialist party

Question 50

Dollar Diplomacy

Answer 50

the use of American investments to boost American political interests abroad. This approach to foreign-policy was a derogatory term used by Taft’s critics. The almighty dollar thereby supplanted the big stick of Roosevelt.

Question 51

Rule of Reason

Answer 51

Supreme Court doctrine that held that only those business interest combinations that “unreasonably” restrained trade were illegal. This fine-print proviso ripped a huge hole in the government’s antitrust net.

Question 52

Payne-Aldrich Tariff

Answer 52

The progressive members of the Republican Party wanted to reduce protective tariffs. Taft called Congress into special session in 1909 to pass such a bill. But Senatorial reactionaries led by Sen. Nelson Aldrich tacked on hundreds of upward tariff revisions. This defeated the initial purpose of reducing the tariffs. Taft signed the bill anyway which made him look bad to his fellow Republicans.

Question 53

Richard Ballinger

Answer 53

Secretary of the Interior who opened public lands in Wyoming, Montana, and Alaska to corporate development. He was sharply criticized by Gifford Pinchot, chief of the Agriculture. Department’s Division of Forestry and a conservationist. Taft sided with Ballenger which made Roosevelt and his friends angry.

Question 54

Gifford Pinchot

Answer 54

Chief of the Agriculture Department’s Division of Forestry and a strong conservationist in the Roosevelt tradition. He opposed Richard Ballenger’s opening public lands to corporate development.

Question 55

Joe Cannon

Answer 55

Republican speaker of the house from 1903 to 1911. Criticized Roosevelt for wanting too much power. He once said, “That fellow at the other end of the avenue wants everything, from the birth of Christ to the death of the devil.