Chapter 2 - The Planting of English America, 1500-1733 Flashcards
Henry VIII
English king that in addition to executing all of his wives, and broke from the Catholic Church and started the Anglican Church, or the Church of England.
Queen Elizabeth
Protestant Queen that cemented England as a Protestant country.
Catholic Ireland
Tried to secure help from Spain to overthrow their English rulers. The uprising was crushed ruthlessly by the English.
Francis Drake
English “Sea Dog” who was essentially a pirate that worked for the English monarchy.
Sir Walter Raleigh
English explorer who set up the first English settlement in the New World at Roanoke, in modern day North Carolina. Roanoke vanished mysteriously.
Virginia
First colony, named for Queen Victoria. It was loosely defined geographically, and in theory stretched the whole way to California.
Spanish Armada
Built to take down the English. Was lost in a disastrous storm, and marked the beginning of the Spanish slide. This loss also guaranteed the seas would be ruled by the English.
Enclosure Movement
Time during the 1550s to 1600s that saw land owners fencing off the land, forcing many small farmers to either move to cities or the the New World. Was a push factor for settling the colonies.
Primogeniture
Practice of giving all of the family land to the eldest son. Drove many second or third sons to look for new lands in America. Was a push factor for settling the colonies. Walter Raleigh and Francis Drake were two famous people affected by this law.
Joint-stock company
Provided the money for English expedition to the New World, including the Virginia Company. Groups of investors could pool their money, and receive a portion of the profits.
Virginia Company
Company founded to start the Settlement of Jamestown and Virginia in order to make money by finding gold and the Northwest Passage.
Jamestown
First permanent English settlement, founded in 1606. The early years were a disaster, and the majority died of starvation or disease.
John Smith
Credited with saving the Jamestown experiment by instituting the policy “He who shall not work shall not eat.” Was “saved” by Pocahontas.
Powhatan
Chief of the native confederation surrounding the settlement of Jamestown.
Pocahontas
Daughter of Chief Powhatan, was used in the symbolic ritual of “saving” John Smith from execution. Worked as a translator and intermediary between her tribe and the English.
Starving Time
Winter of 1609-1610 in Jamestown. The population dwindled from 400 to 60 as crops and people died.
Lord De La Warr
Military dictator who arrived in Jamestown in 1610. He instituted military rule, saved the colony and began brutal wars with the local natives until they relocated to the North.
Powhatan’s Confederacy
Loose grouping of about a dozen native tribes in the Chesapeake region that were under the control of Powhatan. They were the first major recipients of European-led eradication.
Anglo-Powhatan Wars
3 wars fought between English settlers of the Virginia Colony, and Indians of the Powhatan Confederacy in the early seventeenth century. First war lasted from 1610-14, the second from 1622-26, and the third and final war from 1644-46. After the last war, the Powhatans were considered an extinct tribe.
John Rolfe
Credited with the first successful cultivation of tobacco as an export crop in the Colony of Virginia.
Tobacco
The first cash crop grown in the New World, which single handedly saved the Jamestown experiment. The profits from tobacco spurred the use of first indentured servants and later African slavery.
House of Burgesses
The first legislature anywhere in the English colonies in America was in Virginia.
Lord Baltimore
Founder of Maryland colony. Was meant to be a safe harbor for Catholics in the New World.
Indentured Servants
Indentured servitude was a labor system in which people paid for their passage to the New World by working for an employer for a fixed term of years. The lack of land and opportunity for freed indentured servants was the major cause of Bacon’s Rebellion.
Act of Toleration
Passed by Maryland in 1649. Allowed toleration for ALL christian denominations in the colony, but punished Jews and atheists.
West Indies
Group of European controlled island colonies in the Caribbean primarily used to grow sugar cane. African “chattel” slavery took hold in these islands, and accounted for a huge amount of the total slave trade.
Sugar
Incredibly profitable plantation crop. Grew mostly in the Caribbean and Brazil, using African slave labor.
Barbados Slave Code
A law passed by the colonial English legislature to provide a legal base for slavery in the Caribbean island of Barbados. Became the basis for slavery in the United States.
Charles II
King of England after the “Restoration” that ended rule by Oliver Cromwell. The period of Cromwell’s rule had seen colony founding halt. Charles II brought it back, and increased government involvement.
Rice
One of the first staple crops of the new colonies. It was mostly grown along the Carolina coasts, and was one of the first major importers of African slaves.
Tuscarora
Native tribe of the Carolinas that was eventually defeated, and moved north to join the Iroquois Confederacy to become the sixth member.
James Oglethorpe
Founder and governor of the Georgia colony. He ran a tightly-disciplined, military-like colony. Slaves, alcohol, and Catholicism were forbidden in his colony. Many colonists felt that Oglethorpe was a dictator, and that (along with the colonist’s dissatisfaction over not being allowed to own slaves) caused the colony to break down and Oglethorpe to lose his position as governor.
The Iroquois Confederacy
Iroquois Confederacy, also called Iroquois League, Five Nations, or (from 1722) Six Nations, was a confederation of five/six Indian tribes across upper New York state that during the 17th and 18th centuries played a strategic role in the struggle between the French and British for mastery of North America
Deganawidah
Along with Hiawatha, was a founder of the Iroquois Confederacy.
Hiawatha
Along with Deganawidah, was a founder of the Iroquois Confederacy.
Five Nations
Another name for the Iroquois Confederacy, including the nations of the Mohawks, the Oneidas, the Onondagas, the Cayugas, and the Senecas. Later the Tuscarora tribe joined.
Handsome Lake
In 1799 Angelic figures in traditional Iroquois garb appeared to Handsome Lake and said that if the Iroquois did not mend their immoral ways then they would die out. He worked to revive old Iroquois customs and affirm family values, as well as forsake alcohol. He died in 1815, but his teachings live on in the form of the longhouse religion.
