Chapter 25 - America Moves to the Cities, 1865-1900 Flashcards
Louis Sullivan
Chicago architect who contributed to the development of the skyscraper with his principle “form follows function”
Walking Cities
An early form of the city that had little or no public transportation. Most people walked to work, and houses were clustered around factories or apartment buildings. Neighborhoods were jumbled together and mansions were sometimes just down the block from tenements.
Department Stores
attracted urban middle class-shoppers and provided working-class jobs (many for women); consumerism and showed class division; examples are Macy’s and Marshall Field’s
Tenements
Urban apartment buildings that served as housing for poor factory workers. Often poorly constructed and overcrowded
Birds of Passage
those who worked in America for a number of years and after earning a decent amount of money, they would travel back to their home country
Padron
labor boss; met immigrants and secured jobs wherever there was a demand for industrial labor; could speak both Italian and English; often gave homes to newcomers
Political Bosses
Influential politicians who demanded payoffs from business and helped the poor to try to win votes.
Social Gospel
Movement led by Washington Gladden - taught religion and human dignity would help the middle class over come problems of industrialization.
Jane Addams
established Hull House, the most prominent American settlement house. Addams condemned war as well as poverty. Hull House offered instruction in English, counseling to help immigrants deal with American big-city life, childcare services for working mothers, and cultural activities for neighborhood residents.
Hull House
the most prominent American settlement house; it offered instruction in English, counseling to help immigrants deal with American big-city life, childcare services for working mothers, and cultural activities for neighborhood residents.
Settlement Houses
Lillian Wald established Henry Street Settlement in New York in 1893. The settlement houses became centers of women’s activism and of social reform., neighborhood centers in poor areas that offered education, recreation, and social activities
Florence Kelley
was a lifelong fighter for the welfare of women, children, blacks, and consumers. The pioneering work of Addams, Wald, and Kelley helped to create the trail that many women later followed into careers in the new profession of social work. The urban frontier opened new possibilities for women. The vast majority of working women were single due to the fact that society considered employment for wives and mothers taboo
Nativists
worried that the original Anglo-Saxon population would soon be outnumbered and outvoted; considered eastern and southern European immigrants inferior to themselves. They blamed the immigrants for the dreadful conditions of urban government, and unionists attacked the immigrants for their willingness to work for small wages.
Anglo-Saxon
the white people who lived in america
American Protective Association
Created in 1887, it urged to vote against Roman Catholic candidates for office.
Statue of Liberty
A gift from the people of France displayed in the New York Harbor
Salvation Army
“soldiers without swords” invaded america from England in 1879 and established a beachhead on the street corners. Appealing to he down and outers; did much practical good especially with free soup
YMCA
established before the civil war but grew after. Combined physical and other kinds of education with religious instruction, and appeared in virtually every major american city by the end of the 19th century
Charles Darwin
Scientist that studied and introduced widely the idea of evolution to society.
Origin of the Species
1859 Published by Charles Darwin stated that humans had slowly evolved from lower forms of life. The theory of evolution cast serious doubt on the idea of religion
Fundamentalists
stood firmly in their beliefs of God and religion, despite the introduction of Darwin’s research, and in fact condemned those who believed in it
Modernists
flatly refused to accept the Bible in its entirety due to Darwin’s research
Normal Schools
teacher-training schools and experienced great expansion after civil war.
Kindergarten
teaching to younger children; gained strong support
Chautauqua
an adult education movement in the United States, highly popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Booker T. Washington
The leading champion of black education; ex-slave; He taught in 1881 at the black normal and industrial school at Tuskegee, Alabama. His self-help approach to solving the nation’s racial problems was labeled “accommodationist” because it stopped short of directly challenging white supremacy; avoided the issue of social equality.
Tuskegee Institute
George Washington Carver taught and researched here; trained young blacks in agriculture and the trades
Accommodationist
Term given to Booker T. Washington’s method of solving race issues–he helped blacks by promoting their economic value but not challenging white supremacy
George Washington Carver
A black chemist and director of agriculture at the Tuskegee Institute, where he invented many new uses for peanuts. He believed that education was the key to improving the social status of blacks.
W.E.B. Dubois
attacked Booker T. Washington because Washington condemned the black race to manual labor and perpetual inferiority; fought for African American rights. Helped to found Niagra Movement in 1905 to fight for and establish equal rights. This movement later led to the establishment of the NAACP
NAACP
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People helped to form by Du Bois
Vassar
A highly selective, residential, liberal arts college located in the heart of the Hudson Valley in New York State - made primarily for women.
Howard
Established in 1867, Howard University is a federally chartered, private, doctoral university, classified as a high research activity institution. Established as a black college.
Morrill Act
passed after the Southern states had seceded, provided a generous grant of the public lands to the states for support of education.
Land Grant Colleges
Are institutions of higher education in the United States that have been designated by each state to receive the benefits of the Morrill Acts of 1862 and 1890
Hatch Act
extended the Morrill Act and provided federal funds for the establishment of agricultural experiment stations in connection with the land-grant colleges. Millionaires and tycoons donated generously to the educational system.
Joseph Pulitzer
was a leader in the techniques of sensationalism in St. Louis.
William Randolph Hearst
built up a chain of newspapers beginning with the San Francisco Examiner in 1887.
Yellow Journalism
Yellow journalism, or the yellow press, is a type of journalism that presents little or no legitimate well-researched news and instead uses eye-catching headlines …
Edward Bellamy
Edward Bellamy was an American author and socialist, most famous for his utopian novel, Looking Backward, a tale set in the distant future of the year 2000.
Dime Novels
The dime novel is a form of late 19th-century and early 20th-century U.S. popular fiction issued in series of inexpensive paperbound editions. The term dime novel has been used as a catchall term for several different but related forms, referring to dime novels, story papers, five- and ten-cent weeklies, “thick book” reprints, and sometimes early pulp magazines
Walt Whitman
poet, essayist, and journalist. A humanist, he was a part of the transition between transcendentalism and realism, incorporating both views in his works.
Mark Twain
Samuel Langhorne Clemens, better known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American writer, humorist, entrepreneur, publisher and lecturer.
Jack London
American novelist, journalist, and social activist. A pioneer in the then-burgeoning world of commercial magazine fiction
Victoria Woodhull
Victoria Claflin Woodhull, later Victoria Woodhull Martin was an American leader of the woman’s suffrage movement. In 1872, Woodhull ran for President of the United States.
Anthony Comstock
Anthony Comstock was a United States Postal Inspector and politician dedicated to ideas of Victorian morality.
Charlotte Perkins Gilman
Charlotte Perkins Gilman was a prominent American feminist, sociologist, novelist, writer of short stories, poetry, and nonfiction, and a lecturer for social reform.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
American suffragist, social activist, abolitionist, and leading figure of the early women’s sufferage movement. Organizer of the Seneca Falls Convention and the National Woman Suffrage Association
Susan B. Anthony
Susan Brownell Anthony was an American social reformer and women’s rights activist who played a pivotal role in the women’s suffrage movement.
Carrie Chapman Catt -
A Key coordinator of the woman suffrage movement and skillful political strategist.
National Women Suffrage Association
The National Association was created in response to a split in the American Equal Rights Association over whether the woman’s movement should support the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Its founders, Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, opposed the Fifteenth Amendment unless it included the vote for women
Ida B. Wells
A muckraker who attacked The Standard Oil monopoly through her writing.
Women’s Christian Temperance Union
An active temperance organization that was among the first organizations of women devoted to social reform with a program that “linked the religious and the secular through concerted and far-reaching reform strategies based on applied Christianity.It was influential in the temperance movement, and supported the 18th Amendment.
Carrie Nation, Anti-Saloon League
American woman who was a radical member of the temperance movement, which opposed alcohol before the advent of Prohibition. She is particularly noteworthy for attacking alcohol-serving establishments (most often taverns) with a hatchet.
18th Amendment
Prohbited the sale, consumption, and manufacturing of alcoholic beverages within the United States
Clara Barton
Clarissa “Clara” Harlowe Barton was a pioneering nurse who founded the American Red Cross. She was a hospital nurse in the American Civil War, a teacher, and patent clerk.
Metropolitan Opera House -
An opera house located on Broadway at Lincoln Square in the Upper West Side of Manhattan in New York City.
Columbian Exposition
The World’s Columbian Exposition (the official shortened name for the World’s Fair: Columbian Exposition, also known as The Chicago World’s Fair and Chicago Columbian Exposition) was a world’s fair held in Chicago in 1893 to celebrate the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus’s arrival in the New World in 1492.
Vaudeville
Vaudeville is a theatrical genre of variety entertainment.
P.T. Barnum
Phineas Taylor “P. T.” Barnum was an American politician, showman, and businessman remembered for promoting celebrated hoaxes and for founding the Barnum & Bailey Circus.
Buffalo Bill Cody
Buffalo Bill” Cody was an American scout, bison hunter, and showman.
Annie Oakley
Annie Oakley was an American sharpshooter and exhibition shooter
