Chapter 12 - The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge of Nationalism, 1812-1824

Question 1

Oliver Hazard Perry

Answer 1

Oliver Perry led a 1813 naval victory against the British on Lake Erie.

Question 2

Andrew Jackson

Answer 2

Became famous for leading the Americans to victory over the British in New Orleans. Jackson was hopelessly outmanned and outgunned, but his crew of pirates and frontiersmen beat the British, although it was technically 2 weeks after the Treaty of Ghent had been signed

Question 3

Battle of New Orleans

Answer 3

January, 1815 - A large British invasion force was repelled by Andrew Jackson’s troops at New Orleans. Jackson had been given the details of the British army’s battle plans by the French pirate, Jean Laffite. About 2500 British soldiers were killed or captured, while in the American army only 8 men were killed. Neither side knew that the Treaty of Ghent had ended the War of 1812 two weeks before the battle. This victory inspired American nationalism.

Question 4

Treaty of Ghent

Answer 4

December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border.

Question 5

John Quincy Adams

Answer 5

One of American delegation which negotiated the Treaty of Ghent.

Question 6

Henry Clay

Answer 6

One of American delegation which negotiated the Treaty of Ghent.

Question 7

Blue Light Federalists

Answer 7

Blue-light Federalist was a derogatory term used by those who believed certain Federalists to have made friendly (“blue-light”) signals to British ships in the War of 1812 to warn the British of American blockade runners.

Question 8

Hartford Convention

Answer 8

December 1814 - A convention of New England merchants who opposed the Embargo and other trade restriction, and the War of 1812. They proposed some Amendments to the Constitution and advocated the right of states to nullify federal laws. They also discussed the idea of seceding from the U.S. if their desires were ignored. The Hartford Convention turned public sentiment against the Federalists and led to the demise of the party.

Question 9

Washington Irving

Answer 9

Author, diplomat. Wrote The Sketch Book, which included “Rip Van Winkle” and “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow.” He was the first American to be recognized in England (and elsewhere) as a writer.

Question 10

James Fenimore Cooper

Answer 10

American novelist. The Spy (1821) was about the American Revolution. The Pioneers (1823) tells of an old scout returning to his boyhood home and is one of the Leatherstocking Tales, a series of novels about the American frontier, for which Cooper was famous. Cooper later stayed in Europe for seven years, and when he returned he was disgusted by American society because it didn’t live up to his books. Cooper emphasized the independence of individuals and importance of a stable social order.

Question 11

Stephen Decatur

Answer 11

Naval hero from the War of 1812 and defeated the Pirates of the Barbary Coast.

Question 12

Tariff of 1816

Answer 12

First tariff in our history that was meant for protection of our industries instead of to make money. Charged 20-25% tax on imports, mostly to keep the British from flooding our markets.

Question 13

Henry Clay

Answer 13

Congressman, made his name as a war-hawk. Used his new found influence to push his idea of an American market known as the American System.

Question 14

The American System

Answer 14

Proposed after the War of 1812, it included using federal money for internal improvements (roads, bridges, industrial improvements, etc.), enacting a protective tariff to foster the growth of American industries, and strengthening the national bank.

Question 15

Erie Canal

Answer 15

1825 - The Erie canal was opened as a toll waterway connecting New York to the Great Lakes. The canal was approved in 1817 with the support of New York’s Governor, Dewitt Clinton. Along with the Cumberland Road, it helped connect the North and the West.

Question 16

James Monroe

Answer 16

5th president of the US. Served from 1817-1825. Presided over the “Era of Good Feelings.”

Question 17

Virginia Dynasty

Answer 17

The Virginia dynasty is a term sometimes used to describe the fact that four of the first five Presidents of the United States were from Virginia

Question 18

Era of Good Feelings

Answer 18

A name for President Monroe’s two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts.

Question 19

Wildcat Banks

Answer 19

Wildcat bank, unsound bank chartered under state law during the period of uncontrolled state banking (1816–63) in the United States.

Question 20

Panic of 1819

Answer 20

A natural post-war depression caused by overproduction and the reduced demand for goods after the war. However, it was generally blamed on the National Bank

Question 21

Tallmadge Amendment

Answer 21

When Missouri applied for statehood, there was a dispute over whether it would be admitted as a slave state or a free state. The Tallmadge Amendment was a bill which would have admitted Missouri with its existing slave population, but would forbid the introduction of additional slaves and free all slave children at age 25.

Question 22

Peculiar Institution

Answer 22

Euphemism for slavery. Mostly used in the south.

Question 23

Missouri Compromise

Answer 23

Admitted Missouri as a slave state and at the same time admitted Maine as a free state. Declared that all territory north of the 36°30” latitude would become free states, and all territory south of that latitude would become slave states.

Question 24

Old Northwest

Answer 24

Territory also known as the Northwest Territory, but was now split into full states, and territories that were on the way to becoming states under the Northwest Ordinance.

Question 25

John Marshall

Answer 25

Chief Justice, included in the court case McCulloch v. Maryland. He declared he Bank constitutional by invoking the Hamiltonian doctrine of implied powers. Also strengthened federal authority and slapped at state infringements when he denied Maryland the right to tax the bank.

Question 26

McCulloch v. Maryland

Answer 26

1819 - This decision upheld the power of Congress to charter a bank as a government agency, and denied the state the power to tax that agency.

Question 27

Loose Construction

Answer 27

Way to interpret the Constitution as a document whose interpretation should change as society changes.

Question 28

Cohens v. Virginia

Answer 28

1821 - This case upheld the Supreme Court’s jurisdiction to review a state court’s decision where the case involved breaking federal laws.

Question 29

Gibbons v. Ogden

Answer 29

1824 - This case ruled that only the federal government has authority over interstate commerce.

Question 30

Fletcher v. Peck

Answer 30

1810 - A state had tried to revoke a land grant on the grounds that it had been obtained by corruption. The Court ruled that a state cannot arbitrarily interfere with a person’s property rights. Since the land grant was a legal contract, it could not be repealed, even if corruption was involved.

Question 31

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

Answer 31

1819 - This decision declared private corporation charters to be contracts and immune from impairment by states’ legislative action. It freed corporations from the states which created them.

Question 32

Daniel Webster

Answer 32

A great American orator. He gave several important speeches, first as a lawyer, then as a Congressman. He was a major representative of the North in pre-Civil War Senate debates, just as Sen. John C. Calhoun was the representative of the South in that time.

Question 33

John Quincy Adams

Answer 33

He served under president Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the U.S. Florida in exchange for the U.S. dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams’ work.

Question 34

Treaty of 1818

Answer 34

Established the boundary between U.S. and Canadian territories at the 49th parallel. This was the last major permanent loss of territory for the U.S., as it ceded the northernmost tip of the Louisiana Territory.

Question 35

Andrew Jackson

Answer 35

1817 - The Seminole Indians in Florida, encouraged by the Spanish, launched a series of raids into the U.S. President J. Q. Adams ordered Andrew Jackson, whose troops were on the U.S./Florida border, to seize Spanish forts in northern Florida. Jackson’s successful attacks convinced the Spanish that they could not defend Florida against the U.S.

Question 36

Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819

Answer 36

Spain ceded Florida as well as claims to Oregon in exchange for American abandonment of claims to Texas

Question 37

George Canning

Answer 37

British foreign secretary who approached American minister in London asking if the US would combine with Britain in a joint declaration renouncing interest in acquiring Latin American territory, and warning off European despots.

Question 38

Monroe Doctrine

Answer 38

Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S. It also declared that a New World colony which has gained independence may not be recolonized by Europe. (It was written at a time when many South American nations were gaining independence). Only England, in particular George Canning, supported the Monroe Doctrine. Mostly just a show of nationalism, the doctrine had no major impact until later in the 1800s