Chapter 22: Pharmacology Flashcards
Drug schedule 1
Not considered to be legitimate for medical use in the United States
Used for research only
Cannot be prescribed, having a high risk for abuse
Examples: LSD, heroin, marijuana
Drug schedule 2
Accepted medical use but have a high potential for abuse or addiction
Must be ordered by written prescription
Cannot be refilled without a new, written prescription
Examples: morphine, cocaine, oxycodone, Demerol, dilaudid
Drug schedule 3
Moderate potential for abuse or addiction and low potential for physical dependence
Ordered by written prescription or by telephone order
Expires in 6 months
May not be refilled move than five times in a 6 -month period
Examples: tylend with codeine, Vicodin, hycodan
Drug schedule 4
Have less potential for abuse or addiction than those of schedule 3, with limited physical dependence
May be ordered by written prescription or by telephone order
May be refilled up to 5 times over a 6 -month period
Expires in 6 months
Example: Xanax, Valium, darvon, ambien, soma
Drug schedule 5
Small potential for abuse or addiction
Ordered by written prescription or by telephone order
No limit on prescription refills
Some of these drugs may not need a prescription
Examples: robitussin A-C, lyrica, lomotil
Adverse reaction
The body’s reaction to a drug in an unexpected way that may endanger a patient’s health and safety
Anaphylactic shock
A life-threating, hypersensitive reaction to food or drugs
The patient experiences verpiratory distress, hypotension, edema, tachycardia, cool pale skin, cyanosis, and possibly convulsions shortly after administration of the medication
Bacteriostatic
Stopping or controlling the growth of bacteria
Bacteri/o
Bacteria
Static
Stopping or controlling
Brand name
The name under which the drug is sold by a specific manufacturer
Name is owned by the manufacturer, and no other company may use that name
Each brand name carries a registered trademark symbol
Trade name
Buccal medication
Medication placed in the mouth next to the cheek, where it is absorbed into the mucous membrane lining of the mouth
Bucc/o
Check
-Al
Pertaining to
Chemical name
Description of the chemical structure of the drug
It is listed in the hospital formulary along with the chemical formula diagram
Chemotherapy
The treatment of diseases by using drugs that have a specific deadly effect on disease-causing microorganisms
These drugs are used in the treatment of certain infections and cancer
Chem/o
Pertaining to a chemical, drug
-Therapy
Treatment
Contraindication
Any special symptom or circumstance that indicates that the use of a particular drug or procedure is dangerous, not advised, or has not been proven safe for administration
Controlled substances
Drugs that have a potential for abuse
These drugs are placed into five categories, ranging from schedule 1 drugs (which are the most dangerous and most likely to be abused) to schedule 5 drugs, which are the least dangerous and least likely to be abused
Schedule drugs
Controlled substances act
The federal law concerned with the manufacture, distribution, and dispensing of controlled substances
These drugs have the potential of being abused and of causing physical or psychological dependence
cumulation
That a drug level begins to accumulate in the body with repeated doses because the any is not completely excreted from the body before another dose is administered
Desired effect
The effect that was intended; that is, if the drug lowered the blood pressure as was intended, the desired effect was achieved
Drug
Any substance that when taken into the body may modify one or more of its functions
Drug action
Describes how a drug produces changes within the body
Drug effect
Describes the change that takes place in the body as a result of the drug action
Drug enforcement administration
The government agency responsible for administering and enforcing the controlled substances act
Drug facts and comparisons
A reference book for health care professionals that provides information on drugs according to their therapeutic classifications
Compares the various drugs within each category with other products
First dose
Initial dose
First-dose effect
An undesired effect of a medication that occurs within 30 to 90 minutes after administration of the first dose
Food and drug administration
The government agency responsible for administering and enforcing the food, drug, and cosmetic act within the United States
Food, drug, and cosmetic act
A law that regulates the quality, purity, potency, effectiveness, safety, labeling, and packaging food, drugs, and cosmetic products
Generic name
The name established when the drug is first manufactured
Name is protected for use by only the original manufacturer for a period of 17 years
After that time, the name of the drug becomes public property and can be used by any manufacturer
Hospital formulary
A reference book that lists all of the drugs commonly stocked in the hospital pharmacy
Provides information about the characteristics of drugs and their clinical usage
Hypotension
Low blood pressure
Less than normal blood pressure
Hypo-
Under, below, beneath, less than normal
Tens/o
Strain
-ion
Action
Process
Idiosyncrasy
An unusual, inappropriate response to a drug or to the usual effective dose of the drug
Reaction can be life threatening
Inhalation medication
Medication is sprayed or breathed into the nose, throat, and lungs
Absorbed into the mucous membrane lining of the nose and throat and by the alveoli of the lungs
Initial dose
The first dose of medication
Intradermal medication
Medication inserted just beneath the epidermis, using a syringe and needle
Intra-
Within
Derm/o
Skin
-Al
Pertaining to
Intramuscular medication
Medication injected directly into the muscle
Muscul/o
Muscle
Intravenous medication
Medication injected directly into the vein, entering the blood stream immediately
Ven/o
Vein
-Ous
Pertaining to
Local effect
A response (to a medication) confined to a specific part of the body
Maintenance dose
The dose of a medication that will keep the concentration of the medication in the bloodstream at the desired level
Official name
Generic name
Over the counter (OTC)
Medication available without a prescription
Package insert
An information leaflet placed inside the container or package of prescription drugs
The FDA requires that the drug generic name, indications, contraindications, adverse effects, dosage, and route of administration be described in the leaflet
Parenteral medication
Any route of administration not involving the gastrointestinal tract, for example topical, inhalation, or injection
Pharmacist
One who is licensed to prepare and dispense drugs
Pharmac/o
Drug, medicine
-ist
Practitioner
Pharmacodynamics
The study of how drugs interact in the human body
Pharmacology
The field of medicine that specializes in the study of drugs, including their sources, appearance, chemistry, actions, and uses
Pharmacy
A place for preparing or dispensing drugs
Physicians’ desk reference (PDR)
A reference book that provides the same information found in package inserts that accompany each container of medication: description of the drug, actions, indications and usage (why medication is prescribed), contraindications, warnings, precautions, adverse reactions, overdosage, and dosage and administration
Potency
Strength
Potentiation
The effect that occurs when two drugs administered together produce a more powerful response than the sum of their individual effects
Rectal medication
Medication inserted into the rectum and slowly absorbed into the mucous membrane lining of the rectum
It is in the form of a suppository, which melts as the body temperature warms it, or a retention enema
Rect/o
Rectum
Route of administration
The method of introducing a medication into the body
Side effect
An additional effect on the body by a drug that was not part of the goal for the medication
Standards
Rules that have been established to control the strength, quality, and purity of medications prepared by various manufacturers
Subcutaneous medication
Medication injected into the subcutaneous layer, or fatty tissue, of the skin
Sub-
Under, below
Cutane/o
Skin
Sublingual medication
Medication placed under the tongue, where it dissolves in the patient’s saliva and is quickly absorbed through the mucous membrane lining of the mouth
Lingu/o
Tongue
Systemic effect
A generalized response to a drug by the body
The drug has a widespread influence on the body because it is absorbed into the bloodstream
Tachycardia
Rapid heartbeat, over 100 beats per minute
Tachy-
Rapid
Therapeutic dose
The dose of a medication that achieves the desired effect
Tolerance
The body’s decreased response to the effect of a drug after repeated dosages
Topical medication
Medication applied directly to the skin or mucous membrane for a local effect to the area
Toxicology
The study of poisons, their detection, and their effects and establishing antidotes and methods of treatment for conditions they produce and prevention of poisoning
Trade name
Brand name copyrighted by a pharmaceutical company
United States pharmacopeia- National formulary (USP-NF)
An authorized publication of the United States pharmacopeial convention that contains formulas and information that provide a standard for preparation and dispensation of drugs
Recognized by the U.S. Government as the official listing of standard drugs
Vaginal medication
Medication inserted into the vagina; may be a form of a suppository, cream, foam or tablet
Vagin/o
Vagina
Cumulation
Occurs when a drug is not completely excreted from the body before another dose is given
Idiosyncrasy
An unusual, inappropriate response to a drug or to the usual effective dose of a drug
Potentiation
Occurs when two drugs administered together produce a more powerful response than the sum of their individual effects
Tolerance
Decreased response to the effected drug after repeated dosages
Oral medication
That is given by mouth and swallowed
May he given in dry, solid, or powder form, or they may be given in the liquid form
Sublingual medication
One that is placed under the tongue
Or/o
Mouth
Buccal medication
One that is placed in the mouth next to the cheek
It is in tablet form
Bucc/o
Cheek
Inhalation medication
Those that are sprayed or inhaled into the nose, throat, and lungs
Rectal medications
Those inserted into the rectum and slowly absorbed into the mucous membrane are lining of the rectum
Vaginal medications
Those inserted into the vagina
Vagin/o
Vagina
Topical medication
One applied directly to the skin or mucous membrane for a local effect to the area
Transdermal medication
Method of applying a drug to unbroken skin using an adhesive patch
Absorbed continuously and produces a systemic effect
Trans-
Across
Parenteral medication
Any route of administration not involving the gastrointestinal tract, for example, topical, inhalation, or injection
Analgesic
Relieves pain
Examples: acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin, Bayer Children’s Aspirin); acetaminophen (Tylenol)
An-
Without
Alges/o
Pain
-ic
Pertaining to
Anesthetic
Partially or completely numbs or eliminates sensitivity with or without loss of consciousness
Examples: lidocaine (xylocaine)
Esthet/o
Feeling, nervous sensation or sense of perception
Antiarrhythmic
Correct cardiac arrhythmias (irregular beats)
Examples: digoxin (lanoxin); propranolol; hydrochloride (inderal)
Anti-
Against
Arrhythm/o
Rhythm
Antibiotic
Stops or controls the growth of infection-causing microorganisms
Examples: phenoxymethyl-penicillin sodium (pen-vee-k, penicillin VK, Veetids, V-Collin K); trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole (bactrim, bactrim DS)
Bi/o
Life
-Tic
Pertaining to
Anticoagulant
Prevents clot continuation and formation
Examples: enoxaparin sodium (lovenox); warfarin sodium (Coumadin)
Coagul/o
Clotting
Anticonvulsant
Prevents or relieves convulsions (seizures)
Examples: clonazepam (klonopin); phenobarbital (luminal); diazepam (Valium)
Antidepressant
Prevents, cures, or alleviates mental depression
Examples: fluoxetine (Prozac); imipramine hydrochloride (tofranil)
Antidiabetic
Helps control the blood sugar levels
Examples: chlorpropamide (diabinese); metformin (glucophage); insulin
Antidiarrheal
Prevents or treats diarrhea
Examples: diphenoxylate-atropine sulfate (lomotil); loperamide hydrochloride (Imodium)
Antidiuretic
Suppresses the formation of urine
Examples: vasopressin (pitressin)
Antiemetic
Prevents or relieves nausea and vomiting
Examples: chlorpromazine (Thorazine); meclizine hydrochloride (bonine, Dramamine 2, antivert)
Antifungal
Destroys or inhibits the growth of fungi
Examples: miconazole (monistat); fluconazole (diflucan); clotrimazole ( gyne-lotrimin)
Fung/o
Fungus
Antihistamine
Opposes thee action of histamine, which is released in allergic reactions
Examples: diphenhydramine hydrochloride (Benadryl); cetirizine (zyrted
Antihypertensive
Prevents or controls high blood pressure
Examples: nadolol (corgard); prazosin (minipress); diltiazem hydrochloride (cardizem, cardizem CD)
Anti-infective (antibiotic)
Stops or controls the growth of infection-causing microorganisms
Anti-inflammatory
Counteracts inflammation in the body
Antineoplastic
Prevents the development, growth, or reproduction of cancerous cells
Neo-
New
Plas/o
Formation
Antipyretic
Reduces fever
Pyr/o
Fire, heat
Antitussive
Relieves cough due to various causes
Antiulcer agent
Treats and prevents peptic ulcer and gastric hypersecretion
Antiviral agent
Treats various viral conditions such as serious herpes virus infection, chickenpox, and influenza A
Beta blocker
Treats hypertension, angina, and various abnormal heart rhythms
Bronchodilator
Expands the bronchial tubes by relaxing the bronchial muscles
Bronch/o
Bronchus
Airway
Calcium channel blocker
Treats hypertension, angina, and various abnormal heart rhythms
Diuretic
Increases urine secretions
Hormone
Treats deficiency states where specific hormone level is abnormally low
Hypnotic
Induces sleep or dulls the senses
Hypno-
Sleep
Immunosuppressant
Suppresses the body’s natural immune response to an antigen, as in treatment for transplant patients
Immun/o
Immunity
Laxative
Prevents constipation or promotes the emptying of the bowel contents with ease
Lipid-lowering agent
Reduces blood lipid (fat) levels
Lip/o
Fat
Sedative
Exerts a soothing or tranquilizing effect on the body
Skeletal muscle relaxant
Receives muscle tension
Skelet/o
Skeleton
Vitamin
Prevents and treats vitamin deficiencies and used to dietary supplement
