Chapter 11: Respiratory Tract Flashcards
Inspection
Visual examination of the external surface of the body as well as of its movements and posture
Palpation
Process of examining by application of the hands or fingers to the external surface of the body to detect evidence of disease or abnormalities in the various organs
Auscultation
Process of listening for sounds within the body, usually to sounds of thoracic or abdominal viscera, to detect som abnormal condition or to detect fetal heart sounds
Percussion
Use of the fingertips to tap the body lightly but sharply to determine position, size, and consistency of an underlying structure and the presence of fluid or pus in the cavity
Adenoids
Lymphatic tissue forming a prominence on the wall of the recess of the nasopharynx
Alveoli
Air cells of the lungs
Pulmonary parenchyma
Apex
The upper portion of the lungs, rising about 2.5 to 5 cm above the collarbone
Aphonia
Without sound
Aden/o
Gland
-oid
Resembling
A-
Without, not, no
Phon/o
Sound
-ia
Condition
Asymptomatic
Without symptoms
Atelectasis
Incomplete expansion of part or all of the lungs
Atel/o
Imperfect or incomplete
-ectasis
Stretching or dilation
Base
The lowest part of the lungs,r3ting on the diaphragm
Bronchi
The two main branches leading from the trachea to the lungs, providing the passageway for air movement
Bronch/o
Bronchus
-i
Plural ending
Bronchiole
One of the smallest subdivisions of the bronchial tubes
Bronchi/o
Bronchiole
-ole
Small or little
Bronchorrhea
Discharge or drainage from the bronchial tubes
-rrhea
Discharge or flow
Capillaries
Any of the minute (tiny) blood vessels
Connect the ends of the smallest arteries (arterioles) with the beginning of the smallest veins (venules)
Diaphragm
The musculomembranous wall separating the abdomen from the thoracic cavity
Epiglottis
A thin, leaf-shaped structure located immediately posterior to the root of the tongue
Covers the entrance of the larynx when the individual swallows
Glottis
The sound-producing apparatus of the larynx, consisting of the two vocal folds and the intervening space
Laryngalgia
Pain in the larynx
Laryngopharynx
Lower portion of the pharynx that extends from the vestibule of the larynx (the portion just above the vocal cords) to the lowermost cartilage of the larynx
Laryng/o
Larynx
Pharyng/o
Pharynx
Larynx
The enlarged upper end of the trachea below the root of the tongue
The voice box
Mediastinum
The mass of organs and tissues separating the lungs
Contains the heart, aorta, trachea, esophagus, and bronchi
Nares
External nostrils
Nasopharynx
Part of the pharynx located above the soft plate (postnatal space)
Nas/o
Nose
Oropharynx
Central portion of the pharynx lying between the soft plate and upper portion of the epiglottis
Or/o
Mouth
Palatine tonsils
Lymphatic tissue located in the depression of the mucous membrane of faucets (the constricted opening leading from the mouth and the oral pharynx) and the pharynx
Paranasal sinuses
Hollow areas or cavities within the skull that communicate with the nasal cavity
Para-
Near, beside, beyond, two like parts
-al
Pertaining to
Sinus/o
Sinus
-es
Plural ending
Parietal pleura
Portion of the pleura that is closest to the ribs
Pleur/o
Pleura
-a
Noun ending
Pharynx
Passageway for air from nasal cavity to larynx and food from mouth to the esophagus
Serves both the respiratory and digestive systems
The throat
Phrenic nerve
The nerve known as the motor nerve to the diaphragm
Phren/o
Mind
Also refers to the diaphragm
-ic
Pertaining to
Pleura
The double-folded membrane that lines the thoracic cavity
Pleur/o
Pleura
Pleural spaces
The space that separates the visceral and parietal pleura, which contains a small amount of fluid that acts as a lubricant to the pleural surfaces during respiration
Pleurodynia
Pain in the pleura that occurs when the inflamed pleural membranes rub together during the breathing process
-dynia
Pain
Pneumoconiosis
A lung condition resulting from inhalation of dust
Pneum/o
Lungs
Air
-osis
Condition
Pulmonary parenchyma
The functional units of the lungs which have very thin walls that allow for the exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood
Pulmon/o
Lung
-ary
Pertaining to
Septum
A wall dividing two cavities
Sputum
Substance coughed up from the lungs, bronchi, and trachea that is expelled through the mouth
Not the same as saliva,
Thoracotomy
A surgical incision into the chest wall, to open the chest, usually in order to gain access to the lungs or heart
Thorac/o
Thorax
Chest
-otomy
Incision into
Thorax
The chest
The part of the body between the base of the neck and the diaphragm
Trachea
A cylinder-shaped tube lined with rings of cartilage (to keep it open) that is 4.5 inches long, from the larynx to the bronchial tubes
The windpipes
Trache/o
Trachea
Visceral pleura
Portion of the pleura that is closest to the intestinal organs
Viscer/o
Internal organs
Alveol/o
Alveolus
Epiglott/o
Epiglottis
Orth/o
Straight
Pector/o
Chest
Phon/o
Sound
Rhin/o
Nose
-scope
An instrument used to view
Apnea
Temporary cessation of breathing
Without breathing
-pnea
Breathing
Bradypnea
Abnormally slow breathing
Brady-
Slow
Cough
A forceful and sometimes violent expiratory effort preceded by a preliminary inspiration
The glottis is particulate closed, the accessory muscles of expiration are brought into action, and the air is noisily expelled
Cyanosis
Slightly bluish, grayish, slatelike, or dark discoloration of the skin due to presence of abnormal amounts of reduced hemoglobin in the blood
Cyan/o
Blue
Dysphonia
Difficulty in speaking
hoarseness
Dyspnea
Air hunger resulting in labored or difficult breathing, sometimes accompanied by pain
Epistaxis
Hemorrhage from the nose
Nosebleed
Expectoration
Take act of spitting out saliva or coughing up materials from the air passageway leading to the lungs
Hemoptysis
Expectoration of blood arising from the oral cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchi, or lungs
Hem/o
Blood
-ptysis
Spitting
Hypercapnia
Increased amount of carbon dioxide in the blood
-capnia
(Condition of) carbon dioxide content in the blood
Hypoxemia
Insufficient oxygenation of arterial blood
Hypoxia
Deficiency of oxygen
Kussmaul respirations
Very deep, gasping type of respiration typically associated with severe diabetic acidosis
Orthopnea
Respiratory condition in which there is difficulty in breathing in any but erect, sitting, or standing position
Pleural rub
Friction rub caused by inflammation of the pleural space
Rales
An abnormal sound heard on auscultation of the chest, produced by passage of air through bronchi that contain secretion or exudate or that are constructed by spasm or a thickening of their walls
Crackles
Rhinorrhea
Thin, watery discharge from the nose
Rhonchi
Rattlings in the throat, especially when it resembles snoring
Sneeze
To expel air forcibly through the nose and mouth by spasmodic contraction of muscles of expiration due to irritation of nasal mucosa
Stridor
Harsh sound during respiration
High-pitched and resembling the blowing of wind, due to obstruction of air passageway
Tachypnea
Abnormal rapidity of breathing
Wheeze
A whistling sound or sighing sound resulting from narrowing of the lumen of a respiratory passageway
Coryza
Inflammation of the respiratory mucous membranes, known as rhinitis or the common cold
Term common cold is usually used when referring to symptoms of an upper respiratory tract infection
Croup
A childhood disease characterized by a barking cough, hoarseness, tachypnea, inspiratory stridor, and laryngeal spasm
Diphtheria
Serious infectious disease affecting the nose, pharynx, or larynx, usually resulting in sore throat, dysphonia, and fever
Laryngitis
Inflammation of the larynx, usually resulting in dysphonia (hoarseness), cough, and difficulty swallowing
Pertussis
An acute upper respiratory infectious disease caused by the Bordetella pertussis bacterium
Whooping cough
Pharyngitis
Inflammation of the pharynx, usually resulting in sore throat
Rhinitis
Inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nose, usually resulting in obstruction of the nasal passages, rhinorrhea, sneezing, and facial pressure or pain
Coryza
Sinusitis
Inflammation of a sinus, especially a paranasal sinus
Tonsillitis
Inflammation of the palatine tonsils, located in the area of the oropharynx
Asthma
Paroxysmal dyspnea accompanied by wheezing caused by a spasm of the bronchial tubes or by swelling of their mucous membrane
Bronchiectasis
Chronic dilation of a bronchus or bronchi, with secondary infection that usually involves the lower portion of the lungs
Bronchitis
Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the bronchial tubes
Infections I’d often preceded by the common cold
Bronchogenic carcinoma
A malignant lung tumor that originated in the bronchi
Lung cancer
-genie
Pertaining to formation
Producing
Carcin/o
Cancer
Emphysema
A chronic pulmonary disease characterized by increased beyond the normal in the size of air spaces distal to the terminal bronchiole, either from dilation of the alveoli or from destruction of their walls
Empyema
Pus in the body cavity, especially in the pleural cavity (pyothorax)
Usually the result of a primary infection in the lungs
Hyaline membrane disease
Also known as respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of the premature infant
Sever impairment of the function of respiration in the premature newborn
Influenza
A highly contagious viral infection of the respiratory tract transmitted by airborne droplet infection
Also known as the flu
Lung abscess
A localized collection of pus formed by the destruction of lung tissue and microorganisms by white blood cells that have migrated to the area to fight infection
Pleural effusion
Accumulation of fluid in the pleural space, resulting in compression of the underlying portion of the lung, with resulting dyspnea
Pleuritis
Pleurisy
Inflammation of both the visceral and parietal pleura
Pneumonia
Inflammation of the lungs caused primarily by bacteria, viruses, and chemical reactions
Pneumothorax
A collection of air or gas in the pleural cavity
Air enters as a result of the pleura covering the lungs, causing the lung to collapse
Pulmonary edema
An abnormal accumulation of fluid in the lungs, either in the alveoli or the intestinal spaces
Pulmonary embolism
The obstruction of one or more pulmonary arteries by the thrombus (clot) that dislodges from another location and is carried through the venous system to the vessels of the lungs
Embol/i
The throw
-ism
Condition
Pulmonary heart disease
For pulmonale
Hypertrophy of the right ventricle of the heart (with or without failure) resulting from disorders of the lungs, pulmonary vessels, or chest walls
Heart failure resulting from pulmonary disease
Sudden infant death syndrome
The completely unexpected and unexplained death of and apparently well, or virtually well, infants
Crib deatht
Tuberculosis
An infection disease caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis tubercle bacillus and characterized by inflammatory infiltrations, formation of tubercles, and caseous (cheeselike) necrosis in the tissues of the lungs
Other organ systems may be infected
Anthracosis
The accumulation of carbon deposits in the lungs due to breathing smoke or coal dust (black lung disease)
Coal workers pneumoconiosis
Anthrac/o
Coal
Asbestosis
Lung disease resulting from inhalation of asbestos particles
Byssinosis
A lung disease resulting from inhalation of cotton, flax, and hemp
Brown lung disease
Silicosis
Lung disease resulting from inhalation of silica (quartz) dust, characterized by formation of small nodules
Bronchoscopy
The examination of the interior of the bronchi using a lighted, flexible tube known as a bronchoscope (or endoscope)
-scopy
Process of viewing
Chest x-ray
The use of high-energy electromagnetic waves passing through the body onto a photographic film to produce a picture of the internal structures of the body for diagnosis and therapy
Laryngoscopy
The examination of the interior of the larynx using a lighted, flexible tube known as a laryngoscope (or endoscope)
Nuclear perfusion lung scan
The visual imaging of the distribution of ventilation or blood flow in the lungs by scanning the lungs after the patient has been injected with or has inhaled radioactive material
Pulmonary function tests
Physicians use this variety of tests to access respiratory function
Putmon/o
Lung
Sputum specimen
A specimen of material expectorated from the mother
If produced after a cough, it may contain (in addition to saliva) material from the throat and bronchi
Thoracentesis
Involves the use of a needle to collect pleural fluid for laboratory analysis or to remove excess pleural fluid or air from the pleural space
-centesis
Surgical puncture
Tonsillectomy
Surgical removal of the palatine tonsils
-ectomy
Surgical removal
Tonsill/o
Tonsils
Tuberculin skin test (TST)
Used to determine past or present tuberculosis infection present in the body
Based on a positive skin reaction to the introduction of a purified protein derivative (PPD) of the tubercle bacilli, called tuberculin, into the skin
