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Medical Terminology > Chapter 12: The Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 12: The Digestive System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

-emesis

A

Vomit

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2
Q

-istry

A

Speciality of

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3
Q

-Lithiasis

A

Stone

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4
Q

-Orexia

A

Appetite

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5
Q

-Pepsia

A

Digestion

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6
Q

-Phagia

A

Eat, swallow

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7
Q

-Prandial

A

Pertaining to a meal

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8
Q

-Tripsy

A

Surgical crushing

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9
Q

Bradypepsia

A

Having a slow digestive system

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10
Q

Cachexia

A

Loss of weight and wasting occurring during chronic disease

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11
Q

Cholecystalgia

A

Gallbladder pain

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12
Q

dysorexia

A

Having an abnormal, usually diminished, appetite

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13
Q

Gastralgia

A

Stomach pain

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14
Q

Hematemesis

A

Vomiting blood

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15
Q

Hyperemesis

A

Excessive vomiting

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16
Q

Obesity

A

Weight above healthy levels

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17
Q

Pyrosis

A

Stomach acid splashing into esophagus

Heartburn

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18
Q

Regurgitation

A

Back flow of stomach contents into mouth

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19
Q

Aphthous ulcers

A

Ulcers in the mouth

Commonly called canker sores

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20
Q

Cleft palate

A

Congenital anomaly where hard palate fails to fuse in the midline, leaving an opening into nasal cavity

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21
Q

Cleft lip

A

Congenital anomaly where upper lip and jaw fail to fuse in the midline, leaving a gap

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22
Q

Gingivitis

A

Inflammation of the gums

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23
Q

Herpes labialis

A

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) infection

Fever blisters or cold sores

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24
Q

Sialadenitis

A

Inflammation of a salivary gland

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25
Q

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

A

Acid from stomach flows backward up into esophagus causing inflammation and pain

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26
Q

Gastric carcinoma

A

Malignant tumor in stomach

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27
Q

Gastroenteritis

A

Inflammation of the stomach and small intestines

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28
Q

Gastritis

A

Inflammation of the stomach

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29
Q

Hiatal hernia

A

Profusion of stomach through diaphragm into thoracic cavity

Diaphragmatocele

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30
Q

Peptic ulcer disease (PUD)

A

Ulcer in the lower portion of esophagus, stomach, and/or duodenum

Caused by high acid of stomach juices

May be a result of helicobacter pylori infection

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31
Q

Bowel incontinence

A

Inability to control defecation

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32
Q

Diverticulitis

A

Inflammation of a diverticulum, an outputting off the colon

Resulting from food being trapped inside

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33
Q

Inguinal hernia

A

Profusion of a loop of bowel through abdominal muscle and into groin region

May become incarcerated or strangulated it muscle pinones the loop of bowel

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34
Q

Cholecystitis

A

Inflammation of gallbladder

Commonly caused by gallstones

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35
Q

Cholelithiasis

A

Presence of gallstones

May or may not cause symptoms

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36
Q

Colonoscope

A

Instrument used to visually examine the colon

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37
Q

Gastroscope

A

Instrument used to visually examine the stomach

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38
Q

gastroscopy

A

Process of visually examining inside the stomach

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39
Q

Laparoscope

A

Instrument used to visually examine inside the abdominal cavity

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40
Q

Laparoscopy

A

Process of visually examining inside of abdominal cavity

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41
Q

Sigmoïdoscope

A

Instrument used to visually examine the sigmoid colon

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42
Q

Sigmoidoscopy

A

Process of visually examining inside of sigmoid colon

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43
Q

anastomosis

A

Surgical creation of a connection between two organs

Like joining together two sections of colon

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44
Q

Bariatric surgery

A

Surgical procedures to treat morbid obesity

Like stomach stapling

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45
Q

Choledocholithotripsy

A

Surgical crushing of a gallstone in the common bile duct

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46
Q

Colectomy

A

Surgical removal of the colon

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47
Q

Exploratory laparotomy

A

Surgical procedure to examine the abdominal organs

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48
Q

Fistulectomy

A

Removal of a fistula

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49
Q

Gastrectomy

A

Surgical removal of the stomach

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50
Q

Gastric stapling

A

Procedure to close off large section of stomach with rows of staples

Results in much smaller stomach

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51
Q

Gastrostomy

A

Surgical procedure to create a new opening into the stomach through abdominal wall

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52
Q

Hemorrhoidectomy

A

Surgical removal of hemorrhoids

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53
Q

ileostomy

A

Surgical creation of a new opening into the ileum

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54
Q

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy

A

Surgical removal of gallbladder through a laparoscopic incision

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55
Q

Laparotomy

A

To cut into the abdominal cavity

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56
Q

Abdomen

A

The portion of the body between the thorax (chest) and the pelvis

The diaphragm separates the abdominal cavity from the thoracic cavity

The stomach is located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen

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57
Q

Absorption

A

The passage of substances across and into tissues, such as the passage of digested food molecules into intestinal cells or the passage of liquids into kidney tubules

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58
Q

Aerophagia

A

The swelling of air

Excessive swallowing of air while eating or drinking, which may result in belching and gas

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59
Q

Aer/o

A

Air

Gas

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60
Q

-Phagia

A

To eat

61
Q

Alimentary canal

A

A musculomembranous tube, about 30 feet long, extending from the mouth to the anus and lined with mucous membrane

Also called the digestive tract or the gastrointestinal tract

62
Q

Aliment/o

A

Nutrition

63
Q

-ary

A

Pertaining to

64
Q

Amino acids

A

An organic chemical compound composed of one or more basic amino groups and one or more acidic Carboxyl groups

65
Q

Amylase

A

An enzyme that breaks down starch into smaller carbohydrate molecules

66
Q

Amyl/o

A

Starch

67
Q

-ase

A

Enzyme

68
Q

anastomosis

A

A surgical joining of two ducts, blood vessels, or bowel segments to allow flow from one to the other

69
Q

Anus

A

The opening through which the solid wastes (feces) are eliminated from the body

70
Q

An/o

A

Anus

71
Q

-Us

A

Noun ending

72
Q

ascites

A

An abnormal intrapentoneal (within the peritoneal cavity) accumulation of a fluid containing large amounts of protein and electrolytes

73
Q

ascitic fluid

A

A watery fluid containing albumin, glucose, and electrolytes that accumulates in the peritoneal cavity in association with certain disease conditions (such as liver disease)

74
Q

Bicuspid tooth

A

One of the two teeth between the molars and the canines of the upper and lower jaw, the bicuspid teeth have a flat surface with multiple projections (cusps) for crushing and grinding food

Also known as premolar tooth

75
Q

Bile

A

A bitter, yellow-green secretion of the liver

76
Q

Bilirubin

A

The orange-yellow pigment of bite, formed principally by the breakdown of hemoglobin in red blood cells after termination of their normal life span

77
Q

bolus

A

A ball-like mass of chewed food (mixed with saliva) that is ready to be swallowed

78
Q

Bowel

A

The portion of the alimentary canal extending from the pyloric opening of the stomach to the anus

79
Q

Cachexia

A

A condition of general ill health and malnutrition

Physical wasting with loss of weight and muscle mass due to a disease

80
Q

Canine tooth

A

Any one of the four teeth, two in each jaw, situated immediately lateral to the incisor teeth in the human dental arches

Also called cuspid tooth

81
Q

Cardiac sphincter

A

The muscular lung ring (sphincter) in the stomach that controls the passage of food from the esophagus into the stomach

Also known as the lower esophageal sphincter

82
Q

Cecum

A

A cul-de-sac containing the first part of the large intestine

It joins the ileum, the last segment of the small intestine

83
Q

cholangiogram

A

A record, or X-ray film, of the bile ducts following the injection of a radio paque contrast medium

84
Q

Chol/e

A

Bile

85
Q

Angi/o

A

Vessel

86
Q

-Gram

A

Record or picture

87
Q

Choledocholithiasis

A

The presence of a stone (calculus) in the common bile duct

88
Q

Choledoch/o

A

Common bile duct

89
Q

Lith/o

A

Stone or calculus

90
Q

-iasis

A

Presence of an abnormal condition

91
Q

Cholelithiasis

A

Abnormal presence of gallstones in the gallbladder

92
Q

Chyme

A

The liquidlike material of partially digested food and digestive secretions found in the stomach just befor it is released into the duodenum

93
Q

Colon

A

The portion of the large intestine extending from the cecum to the rectum

94
Q

Common bile duct

A

The duct formed by the joining of the cystic duct and hepatic duct

95
Q

Crown

A

The part of the tooth that is visible above the gum line

96
Q

Deciduous teeth

A

The first set or primary teeth

Baby teeth

97
Q

Defecation

A

The act of expelling feces from the rectum through the anus

98
Q

Deglutition

A

Swallowing

99
Q

Dentin

A

The chief material of teeth surrounding the pulp and situated inside of the enamel and cementum

100
Q

Dietitian

A

An Allied Health professional trained to plan nutrition programs for sick as well as healthy people

101
Q

Digestion

A

The process of altering the chemical and physical composition of food so that it can be used by the body cells

This occurs in the digestive tract

102
Q

Duodenum

A

The first portion of the small intestine

Shorts, widest, and most fixed portion of the small intestine, taking an almost circular course from the pyloric value of the stomach so that its termination is closed to its starting point

103
Q

Duoden/o

A

Duodenum

104
Q

Emulsify

A

To disperse a liquid into another liquid, making a colloidal suspension

Bile is released from the gallbladder into the small intestine in response to the presence of fatty content

Its purpose in the digestive process is to emulsify, or break down the fats into small droplets so the body can use them as nutrients

105
Q

Enamel

A

A hard, white substance that covers the dentin of the crown of a tooth

Hardest substance in the body

106
Q

Endocrine gland

A

A gland the secrets enzymes directly into the blood capillaries instead of being transported by way of ducts

107
Q

Enzyme

A

A protein produced by living cells that catalyzes chemical reactions in organic matter

108
Q

Esophagogastroduodenoscopy

A

The process of direct visualization of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum using a lighted fiberoptic endoscope

Also known as an upper endoscopy

109
Q

Esophagi/o

A

Esophagus

110
Q

Gastr/o

A

Stomach

111
Q

-Scopy

A

Process of viewing

112
Q

Esophagus

A

A muscular canal, about 9.4 inches long, extending from the pharynx to the stomach

113
Q

Exocrine gland

A

A gland the secretes its enzymes into a Network of tiny ducts that transport it to the surface of an organ or tissue or into a vessel

114
Q

Exo-

A

Outward

115
Q

-crine

A

Secrete

116
Q

Fatty acids

A

Any of several organic acids produced by the hydrolysis of neutral fats

117
Q

Feces

A

Waste or excrement from the digestive tract that is formed in the intestine and expelled through the rectum

118
Q

Gallbladder

A

A pear-shaped excretory sac lodged in a fossa on the visceral surface of the right lobe of the liver

119
Q

Gastroenterologist

A

A medical doctor who specializes in the study of the diseases and disorders affecting the gastrointestinal tract (including the stomach, intestines, gallbladder, and bile duct)

120
Q

Enter/o

A

Small intestine

121
Q

-Logist

A

One who specializes in the study of

122
Q

gavage

A

A procedure in which liquid or semiliquid food is introduced into the stomach through a tube

123
Q

Gingiva

A

Gum tissue

124
Q

Gingiv/o

A

Gums

125
Q

Gingivitis

A

Inflammation of the gums

126
Q

Glucagon

A

A hormone produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas that stimulates the liver to convert glycogen into glucose when the blood sugar level is dangerously low

127
Q

Glucose

A

A simple sugar found in certain foods, especially fruits, and major source of energy occurring in human and animal body fluids

128
Q

Gluc/o

A

Sugar, sweet

129
Q

-ose

A

Carbohydrate

130
Q

Glycogen

A

A complex sugar (starch) that is the major carbohydrate stored in animal cells

From from glucose and stored chiefly in the liver and, to a lesser extent, in muscle cells

131
Q

Glyc/o

A

Sugar, sweet

132
Q

-Gen

A

That which generates

133
Q

glycogenesis

A

The conversion of simple sugar (glucose) into a complex form of sugar (starch) for storage in the liver

134
Q

-genesis

A

The production of

Formation of

135
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

The breakdown of glycogen into glucose by the liver, releasing it back into the circulating blood in response to a very low blood sugar level

136
Q

Gen/o

A

To produce

137
Q

-Lysis

A

Destruction or detachment

138
Q

Hematemesis

A

Vomiting of blood

139
Q

Hemat/o

A

Blood

140
Q

-emesis

A

To vomit

141
Q

Hepatocyte

A

Liver cell

142
Q

Hepat/o

A

Liver

143
Q

Hydrochloric acid

A

A compound consisting of hydrogen and chlorine

144
Q

ileum

A

The distal portion of the small intestine extending from the jejunum to the cecum

145
Q

ile/o

A

ileum

146
Q

Incisor

A

One of the eight front teeth, tour in each dental arch, that first appears as primary teeth during infancy are replaced by permant incisors during childhood and last until old age

147
Q

Insulin

A

A naturally occurring hormone secreted by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas in response to increased levels of glucose in the blood

148
Q

Jejunum

A

The intermediate or middle of the three portions of the small intestine, connecting proximally with the duodenum and dismally with the ileum

Medical Terminology (21 decks)

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