Chapter 12: The Digestive System Flashcards
-emesis
Vomit
-istry
Speciality of
-Lithiasis
Stone
-Orexia
Appetite
-Pepsia
Digestion
-Phagia
Eat, swallow
-Prandial
Pertaining to a meal
-Tripsy
Surgical crushing
Bradypepsia
Having a slow digestive system
Cachexia
Loss of weight and wasting occurring during chronic disease
Cholecystalgia
Gallbladder pain
dysorexia
Having an abnormal, usually diminished, appetite
Gastralgia
Stomach pain
Hematemesis
Vomiting blood
Hyperemesis
Excessive vomiting
Obesity
Weight above healthy levels
Pyrosis
Stomach acid splashing into esophagus
Heartburn
Regurgitation
Back flow of stomach contents into mouth
Aphthous ulcers
Ulcers in the mouth
Commonly called canker sores
Cleft palate
Congenital anomaly where hard palate fails to fuse in the midline, leaving an opening into nasal cavity
Cleft lip
Congenital anomaly where upper lip and jaw fail to fuse in the midline, leaving a gap
Gingivitis
Inflammation of the gums
Herpes labialis
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1) infection
Fever blisters or cold sores
Sialadenitis
Inflammation of a salivary gland
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
Acid from stomach flows backward up into esophagus causing inflammation and pain
Gastric carcinoma
Malignant tumor in stomach
Gastroenteritis
Inflammation of the stomach and small intestines
Gastritis
Inflammation of the stomach
Hiatal hernia
Profusion of stomach through diaphragm into thoracic cavity
Diaphragmatocele
Peptic ulcer disease (PUD)
Ulcer in the lower portion of esophagus, stomach, and/or duodenum
Caused by high acid of stomach juices
May be a result of helicobacter pylori infection
Bowel incontinence
Inability to control defecation
Diverticulitis
Inflammation of a diverticulum, an outputting off the colon
Resulting from food being trapped inside
Inguinal hernia
Profusion of a loop of bowel through abdominal muscle and into groin region
May become incarcerated or strangulated it muscle pinones the loop of bowel
Cholecystitis
Inflammation of gallbladder
Commonly caused by gallstones
Cholelithiasis
Presence of gallstones
May or may not cause symptoms
Colonoscope
Instrument used to visually examine the colon
Gastroscope
Instrument used to visually examine the stomach
gastroscopy
Process of visually examining inside the stomach
Laparoscope
Instrument used to visually examine inside the abdominal cavity
Laparoscopy
Process of visually examining inside of abdominal cavity
Sigmoïdoscope
Instrument used to visually examine the sigmoid colon
Sigmoidoscopy
Process of visually examining inside of sigmoid colon
anastomosis
Surgical creation of a connection between two organs
Like joining together two sections of colon
Bariatric surgery
Surgical procedures to treat morbid obesity
Like stomach stapling
Choledocholithotripsy
Surgical crushing of a gallstone in the common bile duct
Colectomy
Surgical removal of the colon
Exploratory laparotomy
Surgical procedure to examine the abdominal organs
Fistulectomy
Removal of a fistula
Gastrectomy
Surgical removal of the stomach
Gastric stapling
Procedure to close off large section of stomach with rows of staples
Results in much smaller stomach
Gastrostomy
Surgical procedure to create a new opening into the stomach through abdominal wall
Hemorrhoidectomy
Surgical removal of hemorrhoids
ileostomy
Surgical creation of a new opening into the ileum
Laparoscopic cholecystectomy
Surgical removal of gallbladder through a laparoscopic incision
Laparotomy
To cut into the abdominal cavity
Abdomen
The portion of the body between the thorax (chest) and the pelvis
The diaphragm separates the abdominal cavity from the thoracic cavity
The stomach is located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen
Absorption
The passage of substances across and into tissues, such as the passage of digested food molecules into intestinal cells or the passage of liquids into kidney tubules
Aerophagia
The swelling of air
Excessive swallowing of air while eating or drinking, which may result in belching and gas
Aer/o
Air
Gas
-Phagia
To eat
Alimentary canal
A musculomembranous tube, about 30 feet long, extending from the mouth to the anus and lined with mucous membrane
Also called the digestive tract or the gastrointestinal tract
Aliment/o
Nutrition
-ary
Pertaining to
Amino acids
An organic chemical compound composed of one or more basic amino groups and one or more acidic Carboxyl groups
Amylase
An enzyme that breaks down starch into smaller carbohydrate molecules
Amyl/o
Starch
-ase
Enzyme
anastomosis
A surgical joining of two ducts, blood vessels, or bowel segments to allow flow from one to the other
Anus
The opening through which the solid wastes (feces) are eliminated from the body
An/o
Anus
-Us
Noun ending
ascites
An abnormal intrapentoneal (within the peritoneal cavity) accumulation of a fluid containing large amounts of protein and electrolytes
ascitic fluid
A watery fluid containing albumin, glucose, and electrolytes that accumulates in the peritoneal cavity in association with certain disease conditions (such as liver disease)
Bicuspid tooth
One of the two teeth between the molars and the canines of the upper and lower jaw, the bicuspid teeth have a flat surface with multiple projections (cusps) for crushing and grinding food
Also known as premolar tooth
Bile
A bitter, yellow-green secretion of the liver
Bilirubin
The orange-yellow pigment of bite, formed principally by the breakdown of hemoglobin in red blood cells after termination of their normal life span
bolus
A ball-like mass of chewed food (mixed with saliva) that is ready to be swallowed
Bowel
The portion of the alimentary canal extending from the pyloric opening of the stomach to the anus
Cachexia
A condition of general ill health and malnutrition
Physical wasting with loss of weight and muscle mass due to a disease
Canine tooth
Any one of the four teeth, two in each jaw, situated immediately lateral to the incisor teeth in the human dental arches
Also called cuspid tooth
Cardiac sphincter
The muscular lung ring (sphincter) in the stomach that controls the passage of food from the esophagus into the stomach
Also known as the lower esophageal sphincter
Cecum
A cul-de-sac containing the first part of the large intestine
It joins the ileum, the last segment of the small intestine
cholangiogram
A record, or X-ray film, of the bile ducts following the injection of a radio paque contrast medium
Chol/e
Bile
Angi/o
Vessel
-Gram
Record or picture
Choledocholithiasis
The presence of a stone (calculus) in the common bile duct
Choledoch/o
Common bile duct
Lith/o
Stone or calculus
-iasis
Presence of an abnormal condition
Cholelithiasis
Abnormal presence of gallstones in the gallbladder
Chyme
The liquidlike material of partially digested food and digestive secretions found in the stomach just befor it is released into the duodenum
Colon
The portion of the large intestine extending from the cecum to the rectum
Common bile duct
The duct formed by the joining of the cystic duct and hepatic duct
Crown
The part of the tooth that is visible above the gum line
Deciduous teeth
The first set or primary teeth
Baby teeth
Defecation
The act of expelling feces from the rectum through the anus
Deglutition
Swallowing
Dentin
The chief material of teeth surrounding the pulp and situated inside of the enamel and cementum
Dietitian
An Allied Health professional trained to plan nutrition programs for sick as well as healthy people
Digestion
The process of altering the chemical and physical composition of food so that it can be used by the body cells
This occurs in the digestive tract
Duodenum
The first portion of the small intestine
Shorts, widest, and most fixed portion of the small intestine, taking an almost circular course from the pyloric value of the stomach so that its termination is closed to its starting point
Duoden/o
Duodenum
Emulsify
To disperse a liquid into another liquid, making a colloidal suspension
Bile is released from the gallbladder into the small intestine in response to the presence of fatty content
Its purpose in the digestive process is to emulsify, or break down the fats into small droplets so the body can use them as nutrients
Enamel
A hard, white substance that covers the dentin of the crown of a tooth
Hardest substance in the body
Endocrine gland
A gland the secrets enzymes directly into the blood capillaries instead of being transported by way of ducts
Enzyme
A protein produced by living cells that catalyzes chemical reactions in organic matter
Esophagogastroduodenoscopy
The process of direct visualization of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum using a lighted fiberoptic endoscope
Also known as an upper endoscopy
Esophagi/o
Esophagus
Gastr/o
Stomach
-Scopy
Process of viewing
Esophagus
A muscular canal, about 9.4 inches long, extending from the pharynx to the stomach
Exocrine gland
A gland the secretes its enzymes into a Network of tiny ducts that transport it to the surface of an organ or tissue or into a vessel
Exo-
Outward
-crine
Secrete
Fatty acids
Any of several organic acids produced by the hydrolysis of neutral fats
Feces
Waste or excrement from the digestive tract that is formed in the intestine and expelled through the rectum
Gallbladder
A pear-shaped excretory sac lodged in a fossa on the visceral surface of the right lobe of the liver
Gastroenterologist
A medical doctor who specializes in the study of the diseases and disorders affecting the gastrointestinal tract (including the stomach, intestines, gallbladder, and bile duct)
Enter/o
Small intestine
-Logist
One who specializes in the study of
gavage
A procedure in which liquid or semiliquid food is introduced into the stomach through a tube
Gingiva
Gum tissue
Gingiv/o
Gums
Gingivitis
Inflammation of the gums
Glucagon
A hormone produced by the alpha cells of the pancreas that stimulates the liver to convert glycogen into glucose when the blood sugar level is dangerously low
Glucose
A simple sugar found in certain foods, especially fruits, and major source of energy occurring in human and animal body fluids
Gluc/o
Sugar, sweet
-ose
Carbohydrate
Glycogen
A complex sugar (starch) that is the major carbohydrate stored in animal cells
From from glucose and stored chiefly in the liver and, to a lesser extent, in muscle cells
Glyc/o
Sugar, sweet
-Gen
That which generates
glycogenesis
The conversion of simple sugar (glucose) into a complex form of sugar (starch) for storage in the liver
-genesis
The production of
Formation of
Glycogenolysis
The breakdown of glycogen into glucose by the liver, releasing it back into the circulating blood in response to a very low blood sugar level
Gen/o
To produce
-Lysis
Destruction or detachment
Hematemesis
Vomiting of blood
Hemat/o
Blood
-emesis
To vomit
Hepatocyte
Liver cell
Hepat/o
Liver
Hydrochloric acid
A compound consisting of hydrogen and chlorine
ileum
The distal portion of the small intestine extending from the jejunum to the cecum
ile/o
ileum
Incisor
One of the eight front teeth, tour in each dental arch, that first appears as primary teeth during infancy are replaced by permant incisors during childhood and last until old age
Insulin
A naturally occurring hormone secreted by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas in response to increased levels of glucose in the blood
Jejunum
The intermediate or middle of the three portions of the small intestine, connecting proximally with the duodenum and dismally with the ileum
