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Medical Terminology > Chapter 1s: Unwary System > Flashcards

Chapter 1s: Unwary System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Ablation

A

Removal of a part, pathway, or function by one of the following methods: surgery, chemical destruction, electrocautery, or radio frequency

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2
Q

Antiseptic

A

A substance that tends to inhibit the growth and reproduction of microorganisms

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3
Q

Anti-

A

Against

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4
Q

Sept/o

A

Infection

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5
Q

-ic

A

Pertaining to

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6
Q

Arteriole

A

The smallest branch of the artery

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7
Q

Arteri/o

A

Artery

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8
Q

-ole

A

Small or little

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9
Q

Aseptic technique

A

Any health care procedure in which precautions are taken to prevent contamination of a person, object, or area by microorganisms

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10
Q

A-

A

Without, not

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11
Q

Asymptomatic

A

Without symptoms

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12
Q

Azotemia

A

The presence of excessive amounts of waste products of metabolism (nitrogenous compounds) in the blood caused by failure of the kidneys to remove urea from the blood

Characteristic of uremia

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13
Q

Azot/o

A

Nitrogen

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14
Q

-emia

A

Blood condition

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15
Q

Bowman’s capsule

A

The cup-shaped end of a renal tubule containing a glomerulus

Also called glomerular capsule

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16
Q

Calculus

A

An abnormal stone formed in the body tissues by an accumulation of mineral salts

Usually formed in the gallbladder and kidney

Renal calculus

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17
Q

Calyx

A

The cup-shaped division of the venal pelvis through which write passes from the renal tubules

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18
Q

Catheter

A

A hollow, flexible tube that can be inserted into a body cavity or vessel for the purpose of installing or withdrawing fluid

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19
Q

Cortex

A

The outer layer of a body organ or structure

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20
Q

Cystocele

A

Herniation or downward protrusion of the urinary bladder through the wall of the vagina

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21
Q

Cyst/o

A

Bladder

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22
Q

-Cele

A

Swelling or herniation

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23
Q

Cystometer

A

An instrument that measures bladder capacity in relation to changing pressure

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24
Q

Cyst/o

A

Bladder, sac, or cyst

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25
Q

-Meter

A

An instrument used to measure

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26
Q

Cystopexy

A

Surgical fixation of the bladder to the abdominal wall

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27
Q

-Pexy

A

Surgical fixation

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28
Q

Cystoscope

A

An instrument used to view the interior of the bladder

Consists ut an outer sheath with a lighting system, a score for viewing, and a passage for catheters and devices used in surgical procedure

Referred to as a “cysto”

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29
Q

-Scope

A

Instrument for viewing

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30
Q

Dialysate

A

Solution that contains water and electrolytes that passes through the artificial kidney to remove excess fluids and wastes from the blood

“bath”

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31
Q

Dia-

A

Through

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32
Q

Lys/o

A

Breakdown or destruction

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33
Q

-Ate

A

Something that…

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34
Q

Dialysis

A

The process of moving waste products from the blood when the kidneys are unable to

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35
Q

Dwell time

A

Length of time the dialysis solution stays in the peritoneal cavity during peritoneal dialysis

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36
Q

Epispadias

A

A congenital defect (birth defect) in which the urethra opens on the upper side of the penis at some paint near the glans

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37
Q

Fossa

A

A hollow or depression, especially on the surface of the and of a bone

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38
Q

Glomerular filtrate

A

Substances that filter out of the blood through the thin walls of the glomeruli

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39
Q

Glomerul/o

A

Glomerulus

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40
Q

-Ar

A

Pertaining to

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41
Q

Glomerulus

A

A ball-shaped collection of very thin coiled and intertwined capillaries, located in the cortex of the kidney

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42
Q

hilum

A

The depression, or pit, of an organ where the vessels and nerves enter

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43
Q

Hydrostatic pressure

A

The pressure exerted by a liquid

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44
Q

hydroureter

A

The distension the ureter with urine due to blockage from an obstruction

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45
Q

meatus

A

An opening or tunnel through any part of the body, as in the urinary meatus,which is the external opening of the urethra

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46
Q

Medulla

A

The most internal part of a structure or organ

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47
Q

Micturition

A

The act of eliminating urine from the bladder

Also called voiding or urination

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48
Q

Nephrolith

A

A kidney stone

Also called a renal calculus

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49
Q

Nephr/o

A

Kidney

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50
Q

-Lith

A

Stone

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51
Q

Nephrolithiasis

A

A condition of kidney stones

Renal calculi

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52
Q

-iasis

A

Presence of an abnormal condition

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53
Q

Neurogenic bladder

A

A bladder dysfunction that results from interference with the normal nerve pathways associated with urination

May be due to a disease of the central nervous system or peripheral nerves involved in the control of unnation

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54
Q

Palpable

A

Distinguishable by touch

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55
Q

Peritoneum

A

A specific serous membrane that covers the entire abdominal wall of the body and is reflected over the contained viscera

The inner lining of the abdominal cavity

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56
Q

Peritone/o

A

Peritoneum

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57
Q

Peritonitis

A

Inflammation of the peritoneum (the membrane lining the abdominal cavity)

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58
Q

Pyelitis

A

Inflammation of the renal pelvis

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59
Q

Pyel/o

A

Renal pelvis

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60
Q

Radiopaque

A

Not permitting the passage of X-rays or other radiant energy

Appear white on an exposed X-ray film

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61
Q

Renal artery

A

One of a large arteries, branching from the abdominal aorta, that supplies blood to the kidneys, adrenal glands, and ureters

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62
Q

Ren/o

A

Kidney

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63
Q

Arter/o

A

Artery

64
Q

Renal calculus

A

A stone formation in the kidney

Also called a nephrolith

65
Q

Renal pelvis

A

The central collecting part of the kidney that narrows into the large upper end of the ureter

Receives urine through the calyces and drains it into the ureters

66
Q

Pelv/i

A

Pelvis

67
Q

Renal tubule

A

A long, twisted tube that leads away from the glomerulus of the kidney to the collecting tubules

As the glomerular filtrate passes through the renal tubules, the water, sugar and salts are reabsorbed into the bloodstream through the network of capillaries that surround them

68
Q

Renal vein

A

One of two vessels that carries blood away from the kidney

69
Q

Residual urine

A

Urine that remains in the bladder after unnation

70
Q

Solute

A

A substance dissolved in a solution, as in the waste products filtered out of the kidney into the urine

71
Q

Specific gravity

A

The weight of a substance compared with an equal volume of water, which is considered to be the standard

72
Q

Toxic

A

Poisonous

73
Q

Tox/o

A

Poison

74
Q

Turbid

A

Cloudy

75
Q

Uremia

A

The presence of excessive amounts of urea and other nitrogenous waste products in the blood

Azotemia

76
Q

Ur/o

A

Urine

77
Q

Ureter

A

One of a pair of tubes that Carries urine from the kidney to the bladder

78
Q

Ureter/o

A

Ureter

79
Q

Ureterectasis

A

Stretching or dilation of a ureter

80
Q

Ureterorrhagia

A

Excessive flow or discharge of blood from the ureter

81
Q

-rrhagia

A

Excessive flow or discharge

82
Q

Urethra

A

A small tubular structure that drains urine from the bladder to the outside of the body

83
Q

Urethritis

A

Inflammation of the urethra

Characterized by dysuria

Result of an infection of the bladder or kidneys

84
Q

Urethropexy

A

Surgical fixation of the urethra

85
Q

Urethrostenosis

A

Narrowing of the urethra

86
Q

Urinary incontinence

A

Inability to control urination

The inability to retain urine in the bladder

87
Q

Urinary retention

A

An abnormal involuntary accumulation of urine in the bladder

The inability to empty the bladder

88
Q

Urination

A

The act of eliminating urine from the body

Micturition

Voiding

89
Q

Urine

A

The fluid released by the kidneys, transported by the ureters, retained in the bladder, and eliminated through the urethra

Normal urine is clear, straw colored, and slightly acid

90
Q

Vesicocele

A

Herniations or downward protrusion of the urinary bladder through the wall of the vagina

Cystocele

91
Q

Vesic/o

A

Urinary bladder

92
Q

Vesicovaginal fistula

A

An abnormal opening between the urinary bladder and the vagina

93
Q

Vagin/o

A

Vagina

94
Q

Voiding

A

The out of eliminating urine from the body

Micturitions

Urination

95
Q

Albuminuria

A

The presence in the urine of abnormally large quantities of protein, usually albumin

96
Q

Albumin/o

A

Albumin, protein

97
Q

-Uria

A

Urine condition

98
Q

Anuria

A

The cessation (stopping) of urine production or a urinary output of less than 100 ml per day

99
Q

Bacteriuria

A

The presence of bacteria in the urine

100
Q

Bacteri/o

A

Bacteria

101
Q

Dysuria

A

Painful urination

102
Q

Enuresis

A

A condition of urinary incontinence, especially at night in bed

Bed-wetting

103
Q

Fatigue

A

A state of exhaustion or loss of strength or endurance such as may follow strenuous physical activity

104
Q

Frequency

A

The number of repetitions of any phenomenon within a fixed period of time

105
Q

Glycosuria

A

Abnormal presence of a sugar, especially glucose, in the urine

106
Q

Hematuria

A

Abnormal presence of blood in the urine

107
Q

Hemat/o

A

Blood

108
Q

Ketonuria

A

Presence of excessive amounts of ketone bodies in the urine

109
Q

Lethargy

A

The state or quality of being indifferent, apathetic (without emotion), or sluggish

110
Q

Malaise

A

A vague feeling of bodily weakness or discomfort, often marking the onset of disease or infection

111
Q

nocturia

A

Urination, especially excessive, at night

Nycturia

112
Q

Noct/o

A

Night

113
Q

Oliguria

A

Secretion of a diminished amount of urine in relation to fluid intake

Scanty urine output

114
Q

Polydipsia

A

Excessive thirst

115
Q

Polyuria

A

Excretion of abnormally large amounts of urine

116
Q

Pyuria

A

The presence of an excessive number of white blood cells in the urine, usually a sign of an infection of the urinary tract

Pus in the urine

117
Q

Urgency

A

A feeling of the need to void urine immediately

118
Q

Cystitis

A

Inflammation of the urinary bladder

119
Q

Glomerulonephritis (acute)

A

An inflammation of the glomerulus of the kidney

120
Q

Hydronephrosis

A

Distension of the pelvis and calyces of the kidney caused by urinethat cannot flow past an obstruction in the ureter

121
Q

Nephrotic syndrome

A

A group of clinical symptoms occurring when damage to the glomerulus of the kidney is present and large quantities of proteins are lost through the glomerular membrane into the urine, resulting in severe proteinuria (presenceof large amounts of protein in the urine)

Nephrosis

122
Q

Syn-

A

Together, joined

123
Q

Drom/o

A

Running

124
Q

Polycystic kidney disease

A

A hereditary disorder of the kidney in which grapelike, hurd-filled sacs or cysts replace normal kidney tissues

125
Q

Pyelonephritis

A

A bacterial infection of the renal pelvis of the kidney

126
Q

Renal calculi

A

Stove formation in the kidney

127
Q

Renal cell carcinoma

A

A malignant tumor of the kidney occurring in adulthood

128
Q

Renal failure, chronic

A

Progressively slow development of kidney failure occurring over a period of years

Late stages of chronic venal failure are known as end-stage renal disease (ESRD)

129
Q

Vesicoureteral reflux

A

An abnormal back flow (reflux) of urine from the bladder to the ureter

130
Q

Wilm’s tumor

A

A malignant tumor of the kidney occurring predominantly in childhood

131
Q

Peritoneal dialysis

A

Dialysis is a mechanical filtering process used to cleanse the blood of waste products, draw off excess fluids, and regulate body chemistry when the kidneys fail to function properly

Instead of using the hemodialysis machine as a filter, the peritoneal membrane (also called the peritoneum) is used to filter in peritoneal dialysis

132
Q

Hemodialysis

A

The process of removing excess fluids and toxins from the blood by continually shunting the patient’s blood from the body into a dialysis machine for filtering and then returning the clean blood to the patient’s bloodstream

133
Q

Kidney transplantation

A

Involves the surgical implantation of a healthy human donor kidney into the body of a patient with irreversible renal failure

Kidney function is restored with a successful transplant, and the patient no longer depends on dialysis

134
Q

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

A

A blood test performed to determine the amount of urea and nitrogen (waste products normally excreted by the kidney) present in the blood

135
Q

Catheterization

A

The introduction of a catheter ( flexible hollow tube) into a body cavity or organ to install a substance or to remove a fluid

136
Q

Creatinine clearance test

A

A diagnostic test for kidney function that measures the filtration rate of creatinine, a waste product (of muscle metabolism) normally removed by the kidney

137
Q

Cystometrography

A

An examination performed to evaluate bladder tone

Measuring bladder pressure during filling and voiding

138
Q

Cystoscopy

A

The process of viewing the interior of the bladder, using a cystoscope

139
Q

Extracorporeal lithotripsy

A

Also known as extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy

Noninvasive mechanical procedure for using sound waves to break up renal calculi so that they can pass through the ureters

140
Q

Intravenous pyelogram (IVP)

A

Also known as intravenous pyelography or excretory urogram

This radio graphic procedure provides visualization of the entire urinary tract: kidneys, ureters, bladders, and urethra

141
Q

Intra-

A

Within

142
Q

KUB ( kidneys, ureters, bladder)

A

An X-ray of the lower abdomen that defines the size, shape, and location of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder

A contrast medium is not used with this X-ray

143
Q

Renal angiography

A

X-ray visualization of the internal anatomy of the renal blood vessels after injection of a contrast medium

144
Q

Renal scan

A

A procedure in which a radioactive isotope (tracer) is injected intravenously, and the radioactivity over each kidney is measured as the tracer passes through the kidney

145
Q

Retrograde pyelogram (RP)

A

A radiographer procedure in which small-caliber catheters are passed through a cystoscope into the ureters to visualize the ureters and the renal pelvis

146
Q

Ultrasonography

A

Also called ultrasound

Sound waves are transmitted into the body structures as a small transducer is passed over the patient’s skin

147
Q

Urinalysis

A

Physical, chemical, or microscopic examination of urine

148
Q

Urine culture

A

A procedure used to cultivate the growth of bacteria present in the urine specimen for proper microscopic identification of the specific pathogen (disease-producing microorganisms)

149
Q

24-hour urine specimen

A

A collection of all of the urine excreted by the individual over a 24-hour period

Urine is collected in one large container

Urine specimen is also called composite urine specimen

150
Q

Voiding cystourethrography

A

X-ray visualization of the bladder and urethra during the voiding process, after the bladder has been filled with a contrast medium

151
Q

Catheterized specimen

A

Using a septic techniques, a very small straight catheter is inserted into the bladder vice the urethra to withdraw a urine specimen

The urine flows through the catheter into a sterile specimen container

152
Q

Clean-catch specimen

A

This collection is used to avoid contamination of the urine specimen from the microorganisms normally present on the external genitalia

153
Q

First-voided specimen

A

The patient is instructed to collect the first-voided specimen of the morning and to refrigerate it until it can be taken to the medical office or laboratory

154
Q

Random specimen

A

A urine specimen that is collected at any time

155
Q

Residual urine specimen

A

A residual urine specimen is obtained by catheterization after the patient empties the bladder by voiding

The amount of urine remaining in the bladder after voiding is noted as a residual amount

Medical Terminology (21 decks)

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