Chapter 1s: Unwary System Flashcards
Ablation
Removal of a part, pathway, or function by one of the following methods: surgery, chemical destruction, electrocautery, or radio frequency
Antiseptic
A substance that tends to inhibit the growth and reproduction of microorganisms
Anti-
Against
Sept/o
Infection
-ic
Pertaining to
Arteriole
The smallest branch of the artery
Arteri/o
Artery
-ole
Small or little
Aseptic technique
Any health care procedure in which precautions are taken to prevent contamination of a person, object, or area by microorganisms
A-
Without, not
Asymptomatic
Without symptoms
Azotemia
The presence of excessive amounts of waste products of metabolism (nitrogenous compounds) in the blood caused by failure of the kidneys to remove urea from the blood
Characteristic of uremia
Azot/o
Nitrogen
-emia
Blood condition
Bowman’s capsule
The cup-shaped end of a renal tubule containing a glomerulus
Also called glomerular capsule
Calculus
An abnormal stone formed in the body tissues by an accumulation of mineral salts
Usually formed in the gallbladder and kidney
Renal calculus
Calyx
The cup-shaped division of the venal pelvis through which write passes from the renal tubules
Catheter
A hollow, flexible tube that can be inserted into a body cavity or vessel for the purpose of installing or withdrawing fluid
Cortex
The outer layer of a body organ or structure
Cystocele
Herniation or downward protrusion of the urinary bladder through the wall of the vagina
Cyst/o
Bladder
-Cele
Swelling or herniation
Cystometer
An instrument that measures bladder capacity in relation to changing pressure
Cyst/o
Bladder, sac, or cyst
-Meter
An instrument used to measure
Cystopexy
Surgical fixation of the bladder to the abdominal wall
-Pexy
Surgical fixation
Cystoscope
An instrument used to view the interior of the bladder
Consists ut an outer sheath with a lighting system, a score for viewing, and a passage for catheters and devices used in surgical procedure
Referred to as a “cysto”
-Scope
Instrument for viewing
Dialysate
Solution that contains water and electrolytes that passes through the artificial kidney to remove excess fluids and wastes from the blood
“bath”
Dia-
Through
Lys/o
Breakdown or destruction
-Ate
Something that…
Dialysis
The process of moving waste products from the blood when the kidneys are unable to
Dwell time
Length of time the dialysis solution stays in the peritoneal cavity during peritoneal dialysis
Epispadias
A congenital defect (birth defect) in which the urethra opens on the upper side of the penis at some paint near the glans
Fossa
A hollow or depression, especially on the surface of the and of a bone
Glomerular filtrate
Substances that filter out of the blood through the thin walls of the glomeruli
Glomerul/o
Glomerulus
-Ar
Pertaining to
Glomerulus
A ball-shaped collection of very thin coiled and intertwined capillaries, located in the cortex of the kidney
hilum
The depression, or pit, of an organ where the vessels and nerves enter
Hydrostatic pressure
The pressure exerted by a liquid
hydroureter
The distension the ureter with urine due to blockage from an obstruction
meatus
An opening or tunnel through any part of the body, as in the urinary meatus,which is the external opening of the urethra
Medulla
The most internal part of a structure or organ
Micturition
The act of eliminating urine from the bladder
Also called voiding or urination
Nephrolith
A kidney stone
Also called a renal calculus
Nephr/o
Kidney
-Lith
Stone
Nephrolithiasis
A condition of kidney stones
Renal calculi
-iasis
Presence of an abnormal condition
Neurogenic bladder
A bladder dysfunction that results from interference with the normal nerve pathways associated with urination
May be due to a disease of the central nervous system or peripheral nerves involved in the control of unnation
Palpable
Distinguishable by touch
Peritoneum
A specific serous membrane that covers the entire abdominal wall of the body and is reflected over the contained viscera
The inner lining of the abdominal cavity
Peritone/o
Peritoneum
Peritonitis
Inflammation of the peritoneum (the membrane lining the abdominal cavity)
Pyelitis
Inflammation of the renal pelvis
Pyel/o
Renal pelvis
Radiopaque
Not permitting the passage of X-rays or other radiant energy
Appear white on an exposed X-ray film
Renal artery
One of a large arteries, branching from the abdominal aorta, that supplies blood to the kidneys, adrenal glands, and ureters
Ren/o
Kidney
Arter/o
Artery
Renal calculus
A stone formation in the kidney
Also called a nephrolith
Renal pelvis
The central collecting part of the kidney that narrows into the large upper end of the ureter
Receives urine through the calyces and drains it into the ureters
Pelv/i
Pelvis
Renal tubule
A long, twisted tube that leads away from the glomerulus of the kidney to the collecting tubules
As the glomerular filtrate passes through the renal tubules, the water, sugar and salts are reabsorbed into the bloodstream through the network of capillaries that surround them
Renal vein
One of two vessels that carries blood away from the kidney
Residual urine
Urine that remains in the bladder after unnation
Solute
A substance dissolved in a solution, as in the waste products filtered out of the kidney into the urine
Specific gravity
The weight of a substance compared with an equal volume of water, which is considered to be the standard
Toxic
Poisonous
Tox/o
Poison
Turbid
Cloudy
Uremia
The presence of excessive amounts of urea and other nitrogenous waste products in the blood
Azotemia
Ur/o
Urine
Ureter
One of a pair of tubes that Carries urine from the kidney to the bladder
Ureter/o
Ureter
Ureterectasis
Stretching or dilation of a ureter
Ureterorrhagia
Excessive flow or discharge of blood from the ureter
-rrhagia
Excessive flow or discharge
Urethra
A small tubular structure that drains urine from the bladder to the outside of the body
Urethritis
Inflammation of the urethra
Characterized by dysuria
Result of an infection of the bladder or kidneys
Urethropexy
Surgical fixation of the urethra
Urethrostenosis
Narrowing of the urethra
Urinary incontinence
Inability to control urination
The inability to retain urine in the bladder
Urinary retention
An abnormal involuntary accumulation of urine in the bladder
The inability to empty the bladder
Urination
The act of eliminating urine from the body
Micturition
Voiding
Urine
The fluid released by the kidneys, transported by the ureters, retained in the bladder, and eliminated through the urethra
Normal urine is clear, straw colored, and slightly acid
Vesicocele
Herniations or downward protrusion of the urinary bladder through the wall of the vagina
Cystocele
Vesic/o
Urinary bladder
Vesicovaginal fistula
An abnormal opening between the urinary bladder and the vagina
Vagin/o
Vagina
Voiding
The out of eliminating urine from the body
Micturitions
Urination
Albuminuria
The presence in the urine of abnormally large quantities of protein, usually albumin
Albumin/o
Albumin, protein
-Uria
Urine condition
Anuria
The cessation (stopping) of urine production or a urinary output of less than 100 ml per day
Bacteriuria
The presence of bacteria in the urine
Bacteri/o
Bacteria
Dysuria
Painful urination
Enuresis
A condition of urinary incontinence, especially at night in bed
Bed-wetting
Fatigue
A state of exhaustion or loss of strength or endurance such as may follow strenuous physical activity
Frequency
The number of repetitions of any phenomenon within a fixed period of time
Glycosuria
Abnormal presence of a sugar, especially glucose, in the urine
Hematuria
Abnormal presence of blood in the urine
Hemat/o
Blood
Ketonuria
Presence of excessive amounts of ketone bodies in the urine
Lethargy
The state or quality of being indifferent, apathetic (without emotion), or sluggish
Malaise
A vague feeling of bodily weakness or discomfort, often marking the onset of disease or infection
nocturia
Urination, especially excessive, at night
Nycturia
Noct/o
Night
Oliguria
Secretion of a diminished amount of urine in relation to fluid intake
Scanty urine output
Polydipsia
Excessive thirst
Polyuria
Excretion of abnormally large amounts of urine
Pyuria
The presence of an excessive number of white blood cells in the urine, usually a sign of an infection of the urinary tract
Pus in the urine
Urgency
A feeling of the need to void urine immediately
Cystitis
Inflammation of the urinary bladder
Glomerulonephritis (acute)
An inflammation of the glomerulus of the kidney
Hydronephrosis
Distension of the pelvis and calyces of the kidney caused by urinethat cannot flow past an obstruction in the ureter
Nephrotic syndrome
A group of clinical symptoms occurring when damage to the glomerulus of the kidney is present and large quantities of proteins are lost through the glomerular membrane into the urine, resulting in severe proteinuria (presenceof large amounts of protein in the urine)
Nephrosis
Syn-
Together, joined
Drom/o
Running
Polycystic kidney disease
A hereditary disorder of the kidney in which grapelike, hurd-filled sacs or cysts replace normal kidney tissues
Pyelonephritis
A bacterial infection of the renal pelvis of the kidney
Renal calculi
Stove formation in the kidney
Renal cell carcinoma
A malignant tumor of the kidney occurring in adulthood
Renal failure, chronic
Progressively slow development of kidney failure occurring over a period of years
Late stages of chronic venal failure are known as end-stage renal disease (ESRD)
Vesicoureteral reflux
An abnormal back flow (reflux) of urine from the bladder to the ureter
Wilm’s tumor
A malignant tumor of the kidney occurring predominantly in childhood
Peritoneal dialysis
Dialysis is a mechanical filtering process used to cleanse the blood of waste products, draw off excess fluids, and regulate body chemistry when the kidneys fail to function properly
Instead of using the hemodialysis machine as a filter, the peritoneal membrane (also called the peritoneum) is used to filter in peritoneal dialysis
Hemodialysis
The process of removing excess fluids and toxins from the blood by continually shunting the patient’s blood from the body into a dialysis machine for filtering and then returning the clean blood to the patient’s bloodstream
Kidney transplantation
Involves the surgical implantation of a healthy human donor kidney into the body of a patient with irreversible renal failure
Kidney function is restored with a successful transplant, and the patient no longer depends on dialysis
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
A blood test performed to determine the amount of urea and nitrogen (waste products normally excreted by the kidney) present in the blood
Catheterization
The introduction of a catheter ( flexible hollow tube) into a body cavity or organ to install a substance or to remove a fluid
Creatinine clearance test
A diagnostic test for kidney function that measures the filtration rate of creatinine, a waste product (of muscle metabolism) normally removed by the kidney
Cystometrography
An examination performed to evaluate bladder tone
Measuring bladder pressure during filling and voiding
Cystoscopy
The process of viewing the interior of the bladder, using a cystoscope
Extracorporeal lithotripsy
Also known as extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy
Noninvasive mechanical procedure for using sound waves to break up renal calculi so that they can pass through the ureters
Intravenous pyelogram (IVP)
Also known as intravenous pyelography or excretory urogram
This radio graphic procedure provides visualization of the entire urinary tract: kidneys, ureters, bladders, and urethra
Intra-
Within
KUB ( kidneys, ureters, bladder)
An X-ray of the lower abdomen that defines the size, shape, and location of the kidneys, ureters, and bladder
A contrast medium is not used with this X-ray
Renal angiography
X-ray visualization of the internal anatomy of the renal blood vessels after injection of a contrast medium
Renal scan
A procedure in which a radioactive isotope (tracer) is injected intravenously, and the radioactivity over each kidney is measured as the tracer passes through the kidney
Retrograde pyelogram (RP)
A radiographer procedure in which small-caliber catheters are passed through a cystoscope into the ureters to visualize the ureters and the renal pelvis
Ultrasonography
Also called ultrasound
Sound waves are transmitted into the body structures as a small transducer is passed over the patient’s skin
Urinalysis
Physical, chemical, or microscopic examination of urine
Urine culture
A procedure used to cultivate the growth of bacteria present in the urine specimen for proper microscopic identification of the specific pathogen (disease-producing microorganisms)
24-hour urine specimen
A collection of all of the urine excreted by the individual over a 24-hour period
Urine is collected in one large container
Urine specimen is also called composite urine specimen
Voiding cystourethrography
X-ray visualization of the bladder and urethra during the voiding process, after the bladder has been filled with a contrast medium
Catheterized specimen
Using a septic techniques, a very small straight catheter is inserted into the bladder vice the urethra to withdraw a urine specimen
The urine flows through the catheter into a sterile specimen container
Clean-catch specimen
This collection is used to avoid contamination of the urine specimen from the microorganisms normally present on the external genitalia
First-voided specimen
The patient is instructed to collect the first-voided specimen of the morning and to refrigerate it until it can be taken to the medical office or laboratory
Random specimen
A urine specimen that is collected at any time
Residual urine specimen
A residual urine specimen is obtained by catheterization after the patient empties the bladder by voiding
The amount of urine remaining in the bladder after voiding is noted as a residual amount
