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Medical Terminology > Chapter 13: Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 13: Endocrine System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Anorexia

A

A lack of appetite

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2
Q

An-

A

Without

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3
Q

Orex/o

A

Appetite

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4
Q

Paresthesia

A

Abnormal secretion

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5
Q

Glucosuria

A

Presence of sugar (glucose) in the urine

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6
Q

Ketoacidosis

A

Excessive amounts of ketone acids in the bloodstream

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7
Q

Ketonuria

A

Presence of ketones in the urine

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8
Q

Acromegaly

A

A chronic condition characterized ny gradual, noticeable enlargement and elongation of the bones of the face, jaw, and extremities due to oversection of the pituitary gland after puberty

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9
Q

Acr/o

A

Extremities

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10
Q

-Megaly

A

Enlargement

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11
Q

Adenohypophysis

A

The anterior pituitary gland

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12
Q

Adenoma

A

A glandular tumor

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13
Q

Aden/o

A

Gland

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14
Q

-Oma

A

Tumor

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15
Q

Adenopathy

A

Any disease of a gland, characterized by enlargement

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16
Q

-Pathy

A

Disease

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17
Q

Adrenalectomy

A

Surgical removal of one or both of the adrenal glands

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18
Q

Adren/o

A

Adrenal gland

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19
Q

-Ectomy

A

Surgical removal

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20
Q

Adrenalitis

A

Inflammation of the adrenal glands

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21
Q

Adrenal/o

A

Adrenal gland

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22
Q

Adrenocortical

A

Pertaining to the cortex of the adrenal glands

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23
Q

Cortic/o

A

Cortex

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24
Q

-Al

A

Pertaining to

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25
Q

Aldosterone

A

A hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that regulates sodium and potassium balance in the blood

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26
Q

Androgen

A

Any steroid hormone that increases male characteristics

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27
Q

Antidiuretic

A

Pertaining to the suppression of urine production; any agent given to suppress the production of urine

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28
Q

Anti-

A

Against

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29
Q

Di/a

A

Through

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30
Q

Ur/o

A

Urine

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31
Q

-etic

A

Pertaining to

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32
Q

Cortex

A

Pertaining to the outer region of an organ or structure

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33
Q

Cortisol

A

A stored hormone occurring naturally in the blood

Hydrocortisone

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34
Q

Cretinism

A

A congenital condition (one that occurs at birth) caused by a lack of thyroid secretion

Characterized by dwarfism, slowed mental development, putty facial features, dry skin, and large tongue

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35
Q

Diabetes, gestational

A

A condition occurring in pregnancy characterized by the signs and symptoms of diabetes mellitus

Symptoms usually disappear after pregnancy

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36
Q

Diabetes insipidus

A

A metabolic disorder characterized by extreme polydipsia and polyuria

Disorder of the pituitary gland due to a deficiency in secretion of the antidiuretic hormone

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37
Q

Diabetes mellitus

A

A disorder of the pancreas in which the beta cells of the islets of langerhans of the pancreas fail to produce an adequate amount of insulin, resulting in the body’s inability to metabolize carbohydrates, fats, and proteins appropriately

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38
Q

Diabetes ketoacidosis

A

A dangerous condition that occurs as result of severe lack of insulin, causing the body to break down fats instead of glucose for energy

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39
Q

Dwarfism

A

A condition in which there is an abnormal underdevelopment of the body

Characterized by extremely short height and is usually caused by undersecretion of the pituitary gland (growth hormone)

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40
Q

Endocrine gland

A

A ductless gland that produces a chemical substance called a hormone, which is secreted directly into the bloodstream instead of exiting the body through ducts

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41
Q

Endo-

A

Within

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42
Q

-Crene

A

Secrete

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43
Q

Endocrinologist

A

A physician who specializes in the medical practice of treating the disease and disorders of the endocrine System

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44
Q

-Logist

A

One who specializes in the study of

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45
Q

Endocrinology

A

The field of medicine that duals with the study of the endocrine system and of the treatment of the diseases and disorders of the endocrine system

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46
Q

-Logy

A

The study of

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47
Q

Epinephrine

A

A hormone produced by the adrenal medulla

Plays an important role in the body’s response to stress by increasing the heart rate, dilating the bronchioles, and releasing glucose into the bloodstream

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48
Q

Estrogen

A

One of the female hormones that promotes the development of female secondary sex characteristics

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49
Q

Euthyroid

A

Pertaining to a normally functioning thyroid gland

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50
Q

Exocrine gland

A

A gland that opens onto the surface of the skin through ducts in the epithelium, such as oil glands or a sweat gland

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51
Q

Exophthalmia

A

An abnormal condition characterized by a marked outward protrusion of the eyeballs

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52
Q

Ex-

A

Outward

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53
Q

Ophthalm/o

A

Eye

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54
Q

-ia

A

Condition

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55
Q

Gigantism

A

An abnormal condition characterized by excessive size and height

Usually due to an oversecretion of the pituitary gland (growth hormone)

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56
Q

Glucagon

A

A hormone secreted by the islets of langerhans of the pancreas that stimulates the liver to convert glycogen into glucose

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57
Q

Glycogenesis

A

The formation of glycogen from fatty acids and proteins instead of from carbohydrates

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58
Q

Glucose

A

The simplest form of sugar in the body

Simple sugar found in certain foods, especially fruits

Major source of energy for the human body

59
Q

Glycogenesis

A

The conversion excess glucose into glycogen for storage in the liver for later use as needed

60
Q

Glyc/o

A

Sugar, sweet

61
Q

-Genesis

A

Production of

Formation

62
Q

Glycosuria

A

The presence of sugar in the urine

63
Q

Glycos/o

A

Sugar, sweet

64
Q

-Uria

A

Urine condition

65
Q

Goiter

A

Enlargement of the thyroid gland due to excessive growth (hyperplasia)

66
Q

Gonads

A

A term used to refer to the female sex glands (ovaries) and the male sex glands (testes)

67
Q

Grave’s disease

A

Hyperthyroidism

68
Q

Growth hormone

A

Somatotropic hormone

69
Q

Gynecomastia

A

An abnormal enlargement of the breasts in men

May involve one or both

70
Q

Gynec/o

A

Women

71
Q

Mast/o

A

Breast

72
Q

Hirsutism

A

A condition in which there is excessive body hair in a male distribution pattern

73
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

Elevated blood calcium levels

74
Q

Hyperglycemia

A

Elevated blood sugar levels

75
Q

Hyper-

A

Excessive

76
Q

Calc/o

A

Calcium

77
Q
  • emia
A

Blood condition

78
Q

Hypergonadism

A

Excessive activity of the ovaries or testes

79
Q

Hyperinsulinism

A

An excessive amount of insulin in the body

80
Q

Hyperkalemia

A

An elevated blood potassium levels

81
Q

Kal/i

A

Potassium

82
Q

Hypernatremia

A

An elevated blood sodium level

83
Q

Natr/i

A

Sodium

84
Q

Hyperparathyroidism

A

Hyperactivity of any of the four parathyroid glands, resulting in an oversecretion of the parathyroid hormones

85
Q

Parathyroid/o

A

Parathyroid glands

86
Q

Hyperpituitarism

A

Overactivity of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

87
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

Overactivity of the thyroid gland

Grave’s disease

88
Q

Hypocalcemia

A

Less than normal blood calcium level

89
Q

Hypo-

A

Under, below, beneath, less than normal

90
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

Less than normal blood sugar level

91
Q

Hypokalemia

A

Less than normal blood potassium level

92
Q

Hyponatremia

A

Less than normal blood sodium level

93
Q

Hypophysectomy

A

Surgical removal of the pituitary gland

94
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

Less than normal activity of the thyroid gland

95
Q

Thyroid/o

A

Thyroid gland

96
Q

Insulin shock

A

A state of shock due to extremely low blood sugar level caused by an overdose of insulin, a decreased intake of food, or excessive exercise by a patient who is diabetic and insulin dependent

Severe hypoglycemia is a medical emergency

97
Q

Medulla

A

The internal part of the structure or organ

98
Q

Metabolism

A

The sum of all physical and chemical processes that take place within the body

99
Q

Myxedema

A

Most severe form is in an adult

Characterized by puffiness of the hands and face; coarse, thickened edematous skin; an enlargement of the tongue; slow speech; loss of and dryness of the hair;sensitivity to cold; drowsiness; and mental apathy

100
Q

Norepinephrine

A

A hormone produced by the adrenal medulla

Plays in the important role in the body’s response to stress by raising the blood pressure

101
Q

Oxytocin

A

A hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland

Stimulates the contractions of the uterus during childbirth and stimulates the release of milk from the breasts of lactating women (women who breastfeed) in response to the suckling reflex of the infant

102
Q

Oxy-

A

Rapid, Sharp

103
Q

Toc/o

A

Child birth

104
Q

-in

A

Enzyme

105
Q

Polydipsia

A

Excessive thirst

106
Q

Poly-

A

Many, much excessive

107
Q
  • dipsa
A

Thirst

108
Q

Polyphagia

A

Excessive eating

109
Q

-Phagia

A

Eating condition

110
Q

Polyuria

A

The excretion of excessively large amounts of urine

111
Q

Progesterone

A

A female hormone secreted by the ovaries

Primarily responsible for the changes that occur in the endometrium in anticipation of a fertilized ovum and for development of the maternal placenta after implantation of a fertilized ovum

112
Q

Somatotropic hormone

A

A hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that regulates the cellular processes necessary for normal body growth

Growth hormone

113
Q

Syndrome

A

A group of symptoms occurring together, indicative of a particular disease or abnormality

114
Q

Syn-

A

Joined together

115
Q

-Drome

A

That which runs together

116
Q

T-cells

A

Specialized lymphocytes that are involved in the immune response

117
Q

Tetany

A

A condition characterized by severe cramping and twitching of the muscles and sharp flexion of the wrist and ankle joints

Complication of hypocalcemia

118
Q

Thymopoietin

A

A hormone secreted by the thymus, thought to stimulate the production of t-cells (which are involved in the immune response)

119
Q

Thymosin

A

A hormone secreted by the thymus

Thought to stimulate the production of specialized lymphocytes, called t-cells, which are involved in the immune response

120
Q

Thyroiditis

A

Inflammation of the thyroid gland

121
Q

Thyroxine

A

A hormone secreted by the thyroid gland

Helps maintain normal body metabolism (abbreviated as t4)

122
Q

Triiodothyronine

A

A hormone secreted by the thyroid gland

Helps regulate growth and development of the body and control metabolism and body temperature (abbreviated as t3)

123
Q

virilism

A

The development of masculine physical traits in the female

Masculinization

May be due to an abnormality or dysfunction of the adrenal gland

124
Q

Hypopituitarism

A

A complex syndrome resulting from the absence or deficiency of the pituitary hormone

125
Q

Cancer, thyroid gland

A

Malignant tumor of the thyroid gland, which leads to dysfunction of the gland and thus inadequate or excessive secretion of the thyroid hormone

126
Q

Thyroiditis, chronic

A

Chronic inflammation of the thyroid gland, leading to enlargement of the thyroid gland

127
Q

Thyrotoxicosis (thyroid storm)

A

An acute, sometimes fatal, incident of overactivity of the thyroid gland resulting in excessive secretion of thyroid hormone

128
Q

Addison’s disease

A

A life-threating disease process due to failure of the adrenal vortex to secrete adequate mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids resulting from an autoimmune process, a neoplasm, an infection, or a hemorrhage in the gland

129
Q

Conn’s disease (primary aldosteronism)

A

A condition characterized by excretion of excessive amounts of aldosterone, the most influential of the mineralcorticoids, which causes the body to retain extra sodium and excrete extra potassium, leading to an increased volume of blood (hypervolemia) and hypertension

130
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A

A condition of the adrenal gland in which a cluster of symptoms occur as a result of an excessive amount of cortisol or ACTH circulating in the blood

131
Q

Pheochromocytoma

A

A vascular tumor of the adrenal medulla that produces extra epinephrine and norepinephrine, leading to persistent or intermittent hypertension and heart palpitations

132
Q

Pancreatic cancer

A

A life-threatening primary malignant neoplasm typically found in the head of the pancreas

133
Q

Pancreatitis

A

An acute or chronic destructive inflammatory condition of the pancreas

134
Q

Fasting blood sugar (FBS)

A

Blood glucose sample usually taken early in the morning after the person has been without food or drink since midnight

135
Q

Glucose tolerance test (GTT)

A

A test that evaluates the person’s ability to tolerate concentrated oral glucose load by measuring the glucose levels

136
Q

-ose

A

Carbohydrate

137
Q

Hemoglobin A1c test (HbA1c)

A

Blood test that shows the average level of glucose in an individual’s blood during the past 3 months

A small sample of blood is collected from a vein (usually an arm vein) and is sent to the lab for analysis

138
Q

Radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) test

A

A thyroid function test that evaluates the function of the thyroid gland by administering a known amount of radioactive iodine and later placing a gamma ray detector over the thyroid gland to determine the percentage or quantity of radioactive iodine absorbed by the gland over specific time periods

Used in the diagnosis of thyroid problems, particularly hyperthyroidism

139
Q

Serum glucose test

A

Measures the amount of glucose in the blood at the time the sample was drawn

140
Q

Thyroid echogram

A

An ultrasound examination important in distinguishing solid thyroid nodules from cystic nodules

141
Q

Thyroid function tests

A

Laboratory tests that measure the blood levels of the t3,t4, and TSH hormones

Indicate how well the thyroid gland is working

142
Q

Thyroid panel

A

A laboratory blood test that produces an enhanced thyroid profile

143
Q

Thyroid scan

A

A test that determines the position, size, shape, and physiological function of the thyroid gland through the use of radionuclear scanning

144
Q

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) blood test

A

Measures the concentration of TSH in the blood

Medical Terminology (21 decks)

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