Chapter 20: Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

filtration pressure

A
  • main force that moves substances by filtration through the glomerular capillary wall is hydrostatic pressure of blood inside glomerulus
  • resistance in efferent arteriole increases blood pressure in glomerulus, which favors filtration
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2
Q

net filtration pressure

A

force favoring filtration - force opposing filtration

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3
Q

force favoring filtration

A

glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure

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4
Q

force opposing filtration

A

glomerular capillary osmotic pressure, capsular hydrostatic pressure

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5
Q

glomerular filtration rate

A

GFR; directly proportional to the net filtration pressure
AVG= 125 ml/min, 180 L/day

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6
Q

control of filtration rate

A
  • autoregulation
  • RAA system
  • atrial natriuretic peptide & ventricular natriuretic peptide (+ADH)
  • increased sympathetic impulses keep GFR constant in changing BP conditions, by causing afferent and efferent arteries to constrict simultaneously
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7
Q

RAA system

A

responds to a decrease in blood pressure; through vasoconstriction, and secretion of ADH and aldosterone, it results in a conservation of Na and H, and an increase in blood pressure; keeps GFR constant

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8
Q

tubular reabsorption

A

movement of substances from renal tubules to the interstitial fluid, where they then diffuse into the peritubular capillaries

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9
Q

tubular secretion

A

movement of wastes from peritubular capillaries into renal tubules

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10
Q

characteristics of tubular reabsorption

A
  • 70% occurs in proximal convoluted tubule
  • active transport
  • osmosis
  • endocytosis
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11
Q

active transport (tubular reabsorption)

A
  • movement of substances against concentration gradient; limited transport capacity due to # of carrier proteins
  • renal plasma threshold is reached when there is more transported substance in the plasma than the active transport mechanism can handle; excess spills into forming urine
  • ex. glucose, amino acids, creatine, lactic, citric, uric, & ascorbic acid, ions
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12
Q

characteristics of tubular secretion

A
  • substances move from plasma to peritubular capillaries into the fluid of renal tubules
  • these substances are wastes, destined to be excreted in the urine
  • active transport mechanisms function in tubular secretion, but they work in the opposite direction of tubular reabsorption
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13
Q

what does low ADH do (to urine)

A

dilutes urine

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14
Q

what does high ADH do (to urine)

A

concentrates urine; tubule cells become permeable to water

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15
Q

urea

A
  • by product of amino acid catabolism
  • plasma concentration reflects the amount of protein in diet
  • enters renal tubules by glomerular filtration and undergoes both tubular secretion and reabsorption
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16
Q

uric acid

A
  • product of nucleic acid metabolism
  • enters renal tubules through glomerular filtration
  • active transport completely reabsorbs the filtered uric acid
17
Q

urine composition

A
  • about 95% water
  • urea, uric acid, & creatinine (metabolic wastes)
  • amino acids & electrolytes (trace amounts)
18
Q

renal clearance

A

rate at which substance is removed from plasma

19
Q

ureters

A
  • tubular, 25 cm long
  • begins as renal pelvis in kidneys
  • each join portion of urinary bladder in pelvic cavity
20
Q

ureter wall

A
  • inner mucous coat (transitional)
  • middle muscular
  • outer fibrous
21
Q

what transports urine along the ureters?

A

peristaltic waves

22
Q

urinary bladder

A
  • hollow, distensible, muscular organ located in pelvic cavity
  • contacts the anterior walls of the uterus & vagina in female, & lies posteriorly against in rectum in male
  • trigone on the floor of the bladder has openings at each of its three corners
  • 4 layers of wall
23
Q

detrusor muscle

A

contracts and pushes urine into urethra

24
Q

urethra

A
  • lined with mucous membrane
  • has many mucous glands, call urethral glands
25
Q

female urethra

A

4 cm long

26
Q

male urethra

A

19.5 cm long, 3 sections, dual function