Chapter 19: Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

how does respiration occur?

A

on a macroscopic level, as a function of an organ system

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2
Q

how does gas exchange occur?

A

at a cellular & molecular level

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3
Q

aerobic reactions include (4)

A
  • use O2 to accomplish ATP production
  • allow cells to harness energy from chemical bonds in nutrient molecules
  • generate CO2 as a metabolic waste
  • CO2+H2O = H2CO3 (carbonic acid)
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4
Q

what is the purpose of H2CO3?

A

maintain blood pH level

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5
Q

ventilation

A

inhale/exhale; 12-20 per minute

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6
Q

respiration

A

gas exchange

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7
Q

upper respiratory system includes:

A
  • nose
  • nasal cavity
  • larynx
  • pharynx
  • sinuses
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8
Q

lower respiratory system includes:

A
  • lungs
  • trachea
  • bronchial tree
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9
Q

nose

A

nostrils provide openings for air to enter & leave nasal cavity

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10
Q

alveoli

A

microscopic air sacs in lungs; site of gas exchange & basic function unit of respiratory system

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11
Q

nasal cavity

A
  • separated into right and left by nasal septum
  • nasal conchae curl in from lateral walls of cavity
  • conchae separate nasal cavity into passageways called meatuses
  • upper portion contains olfactory receptors for sense of smell
  • lined with mucus membrane; pseudostratified
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12
Q

goblet cells

A

produce mucus

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13
Q

function of mucus

A

trap particles and microorganisms from inhaled air

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14
Q

sinuses

A

-air filled spaces in the maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones of skull
- provide resonance & reduce weight of skull

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15
Q

pharynx

A
  • space posterior to nasal cavity, oral cavity, & larynx
  • 3 portions
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16
Q

3 portions of pharynx

A
  • oropharynx
  • nasopharynx
  • laryngopharynx
17
Q

larynx

A
  • enlargement in airway superior to trachea
  • moves air in & out of trachea
  • houses vocal cords
18
Q

single cartilage (larynx)

A
  • thyroid
  • cricoid
  • epiglottis
19
Q

false vocal cords

A
  • upper (vestibular) folds
  • no sound production
20
Q

true vocal cords

A
  • lower folds
  • vocal sounds
  • opening between them called glottis
21
Q

trachea is also called…

A

windpipe

22
Q

trachea

A
  • flexible cylindrical tube
  • lined with mucus membranes
  • 20 c-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
23
Q

location of trachea

A

anterior to esophagus

24
Q

bronchial tree

A
  • consists of branched airways leading from trachea to alveoli
25
Q

branches of bronchial tree (9)

A
  1. right & left bronchi
  2. secondary or lobar bronchi
  3. tertiary or segmental bronchi
  4. interlobular bronchioles
  5. terminal bronchioles
  6. respiratory bronchioles
  7. alveolar ducts
  8. alveolar sacs
  9. alveoli
26
Q

hilum

A

area of entry for primary bronchi, arteries, veins, & nerves

27
Q

conduction pathway

A

does NOT participate in gas exchange

28
Q

structure of respiratory tubes

A
  • become thinner & thinner
  • pseudostratified in larger tubes
  • simple cuboidal in resp. branches
  • simple squamous in alveoli
29
Q

lungs

A
  • soft, spongy, cone shaped organs in thoracic cavity
  • separated from each other by heart & mediastinum
  • right lung has 3 lobes, while left has 2
30
Q

visceral pleura

A

serous, inner layer attached to surface of lung

31
Q

parietal pleura

A

serous, outer layer lining thoracic cavity

32
Q

pleural cavity

A

space between visceral & parietal pleura; reduces friction