Chapter 14: Blood

Question 1

hemostasis

Answer 1

the stoppage of bleeding

Question 2

actions that limit/prevent blood loss (3)

Answer 2

• blood vessel (vascular spasm)
• platelet plug formation
• blood coagulation

Question 3

vascular spasm

Answer 3

• stimulated by cutting/breaking small blood vessel
• smooth mussel in blood vessel contracts rapidly
• slows blood loss quickly, and ends of vessel may close completely
• triggered by stimulation of blood vessel wall, pain receptor reflexes

Question 4

embolus

Answer 4

blood clot moving through vessels

Question 5

thrombus

Answer 5

abnormal blood clot in a vessel

Question 6

thrombosis

Answer 6

blood clot in a vessel supporting vital organ

Question 7

infarction

Answer 7

death of tissue due to lack of blood supply

Question 8

atherosclerosis

Answer 8

accumulation of fat in arterial lining

Question 9

platelet plug formation

Answer 9

• triggered by exposure of platelets to collagen
• platelets adhere to rough surface to form a plug

Question 10

blood coagulation

Answer 10

• most effective hemostatic mechanism, occurs within 5-15 minutes
• form blood clot in a series of reactions, in which each step activates next one; called a cascade
• initiated by extrinsic or intrinsic
• clotting factors

Question 11

clotting factors

Answer 11

many chemicals used in blood coagulation

Question 12

extrinsic clotting mechanism

Answer 12

trigger = damage to blood vessel or tissue
initiation = tissue thromboplastin
reactions = prothrombin activator
conversion = prothrombin to thrombin
fragmentation = fibrinogen to fibrin

Question 13

intrinsic clotting mechanism

Answer 13

trigger = blood contacts foreign surface
initiation = hageman factor
reactions = prothrombin activator
activator = prothrombin to thrombin
fragmentation = fibrinogen to fibrin

Question 14

factors that inhibit blood clot formation (5)

Answer 14

• smooth lining of blood vessels
• prostacyclin
• fibrin threads
• antithrombin in plasma
• heparin from mast cells & basophils

Question 15

smooth lining of blood vessels

Answer 15

prevents activation of intrinsic blood clot mechanism

Question 16

prostacyclin

Answer 16

inhibits platelet adherence to blood vessel wall

Question 17

fibrin threads

Answer 17

adsorbs thrombin

Question 18

antithrombin in plasma

Answer 18

interferes with action of thrombin

Question 19

heparin from mast cells & basophils

Answer 19

interferes with formation of prothrombin activator

Question 20

vitamin K

Answer 20

helps to clot blood

Question 21

antigen

Answer 21

any molecule that evokes an immune response

Question 22

antibodies

Answer 22

proteins that react against specific antigen

Question 23

agglutination

Answer 23

clumping of RBC’s; occurs when an antibody encounters its specific antigen

Question 24

what type of molecule are antigens A & B

Answer 24

carbohydrates

Question 25

what is blood group based upon?

Answer 25

presence/absence of two major antigens on RBC membranes

Question 26

blood type A

Answer 26

antigen A, anti-B antibody

Question 27

blood type B

Answer 27

antigen B, anti-A antibody

Question 28

blood type AB

Answer 28

antigen A & B, no anti A or B antibody

Question 29

blood type O

Answer 29

neither antigen A or B, both A & B antibody

Question 30

type O blood

Answer 30

universal donor

Question 31

type AB blood

Answer 31

universal recipient

Question 32

Rh +

Answer 32

presence of antigen D or other Rh antigens on RBC membrane

Question 33

Rh -

Answer 33

no Rh antigens on RBC membranes

Question 34

where do anti Rh antibodies form?

Answer 34

only in Rh - individuals in response to presence of RBC’s with Rh antigens

Question 35

where is there a concern for Rh factor?

Answer 35

pregnant women & fetus

Question 36

RhoGAM

Answer 36

administered to moms to prevent Rh incompatibility