Chapter 14: Blood Flashcards
white blood cells
also called leukocytes; produced in red bone marrow, under control of hormones: interleukins & colony stimulating factors
how many types of leukocytes are there? how many categories?
5 types, 2 categories
2 categories of leukocytes
- granulocytes
- agranulocytes
granulocytes
granular cytoplasm & short life span
- basophils
- eosinophils
- neutrophils
agranulocytes
no noticeable granules
- lymphocytes
- monocytes
neutrophils
- small, light, purple nucleus in acid-base stain
- lobed nucleus, 2-5 sections
- PMN’s
- strong phagocytes
- 54-62% of leukocytes
PMN’s
polymorphonuclear leukocytes
eosinophils
- coarse granules; stain deep red in acid stain
- bi-lobed nucleus
- 1-3% of leukocytes
basophils
- large granules; stain deep blue in basic stain
- granules can obscure view of nucleus
- release heparin & histamine
- less than 1% of leukocytes
- similar to eosinophils in size & shape of nuclei
monocytes
- largest wbc’s
- spherical, kidney-shaped, oval or lobed nuclei
- agranulocytes
- leave bloodstream to become macrophages
- 3-9% of leukocytes
lymphocytes
- slightly larger than rbc’s; smallest wbc
- large spherical nucleus surrounded by thin rim of cytoplasm
- agranulocytes
- T cells & B cells are major types
- 25-33% of leukocytes
- may live for years
T cells and B cells
important in immuity
how do neutrophils respond to a bacterial invasion?
by accumulating in the infection site & destroying pathogens by phagocytosis
WBC count
used to count # of wbc’s per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood; typically 3,500-10,500
leukocytosis
increased wbc count; >10,500
leukopenia
decreased wbc count; <3,500
differential wbc count
- lists percentages of types of leukocytes
- percentages may change in particular diseases
leukemia
cancer of the white blood cells; two types
2 types of leukemia
- lymphoid
- myeloid
lymphoid leukemia
cancer of lymphocytes produced in lymph nodes
myeloid leukemia
cancer of granulocytes produced in red bone marrow
symptoms & treatment of leukemia
symptoms: fever, headache, nosebleed, excess # of wbc’s, respiratory infections, bone pain, bruising & bleeding due to blood clot time
treatment: proton therapy, chemo, drugs, bone marrow/stem cell transplants
platelets
thrombocytes; cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocytes, produced by hemocytoblasts in response to the hormone thrombopoietin, lack nucleus, less than half the size of rbc
platelet production
hemocytoblast -> megakaryocytes -> thrombocytes
thrombocyte count
150,00-350,000
thrombus
stationary blood clot
embolus
mobile blood clot
blood plasma
- clear, straw colored
- liquid portion of blood
- 92% water
- 55% blood volume
- contains organic & inorganic chemicals
plasma proteins
most abundant dissolved substance in plasma; not used for energy source
gas & nutrients
oxygen & CO2 most important
plasma nutrients
amino acids, simple sugars, nucleotides, lipids
nonprotein nitrogenous substances
molecules that contain nitrogen, but are not proteins in plasma
NPN’s include…
- urea
- uric acid
- creatine
- creatinine
- amino acids
- BUN
urea
product of protein catabolism; 50% of NPN’s
BUN
blood urea nitrogen; indicates health of kidney
- if level is too high, not enough urea is being excreted due to impaired renal function
plasma electrolytes
plasma contains ions called electrolytes, since they ionize in water and can conduct electricity; absorbed from intestine or released as by products of cellular metabolism
electrolytes in blood plasma
- sodium
- calcium
- phosphate
- chloride
- potassium
- bicarbonate
- sulfate
- magnesium
albumin
located in liver; helps maintain colloid osmotic pressure
alpha globulins
located in liver; transport lipids & fat soluble vitamins
beta globulins
located in liver; transport lipids & fat soluble vitamins
gamma globulins
located in lymphatic tissues; constitute the antibodies of immunity
fibrinogen
located in liver; plays key role in blood coagulation
