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BIOL 251: Anatomy & Physiology II > Chapter 11: The Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 11: The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves do humans have?

A

31 pairs

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2
Q

cervical nerves

A

8 (C1-C8)

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3
Q

thoracic nerves

A

12 (T1-T12)

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4
Q

lumbar nerves

A

5 (L1-L5)

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5
Q

sacral nerves

A

5 (S1-S5)

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6
Q

coccygeal nerves

A

1 (Co)

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7
Q

cauda equina

A

formed by descending roots of lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerves

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8
Q

what type of nerves are spinal nerves?

A

mixed, except first pair (motor)

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9
Q

how does each spinal nerve split?

A

into a dorsal & ventral root inside the vertebral column

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10
Q

posterior (dorsal) root

A
  • sensory
  • posterior root ganglion
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11
Q

posterior root ganglion

A

contains cell bodies of sensory neurons whose axons conduct impulses from peripheral body parts into spinal cord

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12
Q

anterior (ventral) root

A
  • motor
  • axons of motor neurons whose cell bodies are in the spinal cord
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13
Q

spinal nerve

A
  • union of anterior & posterior roots
  • mixed
  • 4 branches
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14
Q

4 spinal nerve branches (outside spinal cord)

A
  1. meningeal
  2. posterior branch/ramus
  3. anterior branch/ramus
  4. visceral (only thoracic & lumbar)
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15
Q

nerve plexuses

A

complex network forms by anterior rami (branches) of spinal nerves

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16
Q

where are nerve plexuses NOT located?

A

T1-T12; instead the anterior rami become intercostal nerves

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17
Q

3 nerve plexuses

A
  1. cervical
  2. brachial
  3. lumbosacral
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18
Q

cervical plexus

A
  • formed by anterior rami of C1-C4 spinal nerves
  • deep in neck
  • supply muscles & skin of neck
  • C3-C5 contribute to phrenic nerves, which transmit motor impulses to diaphragm
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19
Q

why are C3, C4, & C5 nerves important?

A

they contribute to phrenic nerves, which transmit motor impulses to diaphragm

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20
Q

brachial plexus

A
  • formed by anterior branches C5-T1
  • deep in shoulders
  • 5 branches
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21
Q

5 branches of brachial plexus

A
  1. musculocutaneous
  2. ulnar
  3. median
  4. radial
  5. axillary
22
Q

musculocutaneous

A

supply muscles of anterior arms & skin of forearms

23
Q

ulnar & median

A

supply muscles of forearms & hands, skin of hands

24
Q

radial

A

supply posterior muscles of arms & skin of forearms & hands

25
Q

axillary

A

supply muscles & skin of anterior, lateral, & posterior arms

26
Q

lumbosacral plexus

A
  • formed by anterior branches of L1-S4 roots
  • lumbar=abdomen, sacral=pelvic
  • contain obturator, femoral, & sciatic
27
Q

obturator

A

motor impulses to adductors of thighs

28
Q

femoral

A

motor impulses to muscles of anterior thigh & sensory impulses from skin of thighs & legs

29
Q

sciatic

A

supply muscles & skin of thighs, legs, & feet; largest & longest nerve of the body

30
Q

ANS

A

autonomic nervous system

31
Q

ANS characteristics

A
  • part of PNS
  • functions w/o conscious effort
  • controls visceral activities
  • homeostasis
  • regulates smooth & cardiac muscles, glands
  • helps respond to stress
  • prepares body for exercise
32
Q

how to sensory nerve fibers transmit signals?

A

from viscera & skin to neural centers in CNS

33
Q

how to motor impulses travel?

A

along 2 efferent nerve fibers which synapse in ganglia outside CNS

34
Q

how do muscles & glands respond to these signals & impulses?

A

contracting, secreting, or being inhibited

35
Q

2 divisions of ANS

A

parasympathetic & sympathetic

36
Q

sympathetic

A

fight or flight

37
Q

parasympathetic

A

rest & digest

38
Q

autonomic nerve fibers

A
  • all of the neurons are motor
  • somatic motor paths link the CNS & skeletal muscle fibers via 1 neuron
  • autonomic motor paths contain 2 neurons
39
Q

2 neurons associated with autonomic motor pathways

A

preganglionic & postganglionic

40
Q

preganglionic fibers

A
  • axons of preganglionic neurons
  • neuron cell bodies in CNS
41
Q

postganglionic fibers

A
  • axons of postanglionic neurons
  • neuron cell bodies in ganglia
  • extend to visceral effector
42
Q

sympathetic division is also called..

A

thoracolumbar (T1-L2)

43
Q

where do preganglionic fibers originate? (sympathetic)

A

in spinal cord, leave via ventral roots, leave spinal nerves through white rami, & enter sympathetic chain (paravertebral) ganglia

44
Q

what makes up sympahetic trunk?

A

sympathetic chain ganglia & fibers that conenct

45
Q

where do sympathetic chain ganglia lie? (sympathetic)

A

some close to viscera & some further away from viscera

46
Q

parasympathetic division is also called…

A

craniosacral

47
Q

where do preganglionic neurons originate? (para)

A

brainstem & S2-S4 spinal nerves

48
Q

where do preganglionic fibers extend from? (para)

A

cranial or sacral nerves to terminal ganglia (near or in visceral organs)

49
Q

where are preganglionic fibers in head also included?

A
  • oculomotor
  • facial
  • glossopharyngeal
50
Q

where are preganglionic fibers in thorax & abdomen also included?

A

vagus nerve, which contains 75% of all parasympathetic fibers

51
Q

what is the job of preganglionic fibers of sacral region?

A

carry impulses to pelvic viscera

BIOL 251: Anatomy & Physiology II (28 decks)

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