Chapter 13: The Endocrine System Flashcards
parathyroid glands
- located on posterior surface of the thyroid
- usually 4 parathyroid glands
- secrete 1 hormone, PTH
PTH
regulates calcium and phosphate concentration in blood; antagonistic of calcitonin
actions of PTH
- increase blood calcium levels
- decrease blood phosphate levels
- exerts effects by acting on bones, kidneys, intestines
- indirectly stimulates absorption of calcium by stimulating a step in vitamin D metabolism
- acts on kidneys to cause final step in production of vitamin D
hyperparathyroidism
increase PTH secretion overstimulates osteoclasts; caused by tumors
hypoparathyroidism
decrease PTH secretion reduces osteoclasts; caused by injuries
adrenal glands
- aka superenal
- hormones are secreted from two different areas of gland
- numerous hormones are secreted by the adrenal glands
- adrenal hormones play roles in maintaining blood sodium levels and stress response; include some sex hormones
where are hormones secreted from in the adrenal glands?
adrenal cortex & adrenal medulla
adrenal cortex
outer portion, secretes steroid hormones
adrenal medulla
central portion, secretes amine hormones
what hormones does the adrenal cortex secrete?
cortisol, aldosterone, & adrenal androgens
what hormones does the adrenal medulla secrete?
epinephrine & norepinephrine
aldosterone
concentration of electrolytes by preserving sodium & excreting potassium
cortisol
decrease protein synthesis, increases fatty acid release, glucose synthesis from non carbs
adrenal androgens
supplement sex hormones from gonads
how many zones does the adrenal cortex have?
3; each producing different types of hormones
3 zones of adrenal cortex
- zona glomerulosa
- zona fasciculata
- zona reticularis
zona glomerulosa
- outer
- produces aldosterone & other mineralocorticoids
zona fasciculata
- middle
- produces cortisol & other glucocorticoids