Chapter 13: The Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

parathyroid glands

A
  • located on posterior surface of the thyroid
  • usually 4 parathyroid glands
  • secrete 1 hormone, PTH
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2
Q

PTH

A

regulates calcium and phosphate concentration in blood; antagonistic of calcitonin

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3
Q

actions of PTH

A
  • increase blood calcium levels
  • decrease blood phosphate levels
  • exerts effects by acting on bones, kidneys, intestines
  • indirectly stimulates absorption of calcium by stimulating a step in vitamin D metabolism
  • acts on kidneys to cause final step in production of vitamin D
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4
Q

hyperparathyroidism

A

increase PTH secretion overstimulates osteoclasts; caused by tumors

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5
Q

hypoparathyroidism

A

decrease PTH secretion reduces osteoclasts; caused by injuries

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6
Q

adrenal glands

A
  • aka superenal
  • hormones are secreted from two different areas of gland
  • numerous hormones are secreted by the adrenal glands
  • adrenal hormones play roles in maintaining blood sodium levels and stress response; include some sex hormones
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7
Q

where are hormones secreted from in the adrenal glands?

A

adrenal cortex & adrenal medulla

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8
Q

adrenal cortex

A

outer portion, secretes steroid hormones

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9
Q

adrenal medulla

A

central portion, secretes amine hormones

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10
Q

what hormones does the adrenal cortex secrete?

A

cortisol, aldosterone, & adrenal androgens

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11
Q

what hormones does the adrenal medulla secrete?

A

epinephrine & norepinephrine

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12
Q

aldosterone

A

concentration of electrolytes by preserving sodium & excreting potassium

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13
Q

cortisol

A

decrease protein synthesis, increases fatty acid release, glucose synthesis from non carbs

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14
Q

adrenal androgens

A

supplement sex hormones from gonads

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15
Q

how many zones does the adrenal cortex have?

A

3; each producing different types of hormones

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16
Q

3 zones of adrenal cortex

A
  1. zona glomerulosa
  2. zona fasciculata
  3. zona reticularis
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17
Q

zona glomerulosa

A
  • outer
  • produces aldosterone & other mineralocorticoids
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18
Q

zona fasciculata

A
  • middle
  • produces cortisol & other glucocorticoids
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19
Q

zona reticularis

A
  • inner
  • produces male sex hormones
20
Q

renin-angiotensin system

A
  • helps maintain normal blood pressure
  • product of system, angiotensin II, increases blood pressure & promote secretion of aldosterone
21
Q

what does aldosterone do?

A

conserves sodium & water is retained by osmosis

22
Q

increased blood volume =

A

increased blood pressure

23
Q

how is cortisol secretion regulated?

A

by a 3 step hormone pathway; exerts negative feedback on its own production pathway

24
Q

pancreas

A
  • elongated, flat
  • posterior to stomach
  • pancreatic duct transports digestive juice to duodenum
  • endocrine portion consists of groups of cells call pancreatic islets
25
Q

how many types of secretory tissue does the pancreas include?

A

2; endocrine & exocrine

26
Q

endocrine function in pancreas

A

secretes hormones into body fluids

27
Q

exocrine function in pancreas

A

secretes digestive juices through a duct

28
Q

3 hormones secreted from endocrine (islet) cells

A
  1. alpha
  2. beta
  3. delta
29
Q

alpha

A

insulin

30
Q

beta

A

glucagon

31
Q

delta

A

somatostatin

32
Q

addison’s disease

A

insufficient hormone secretion from adrenal cortex

33
Q

cushings disease

A

hypersecretion of cortisol, usually due to tumor; causes swelling of face

34
Q

insulin

A

decreases blood glucose when too high

35
Q

glucagon

A

increases blood glucose when too low

36
Q

somatostatin

A

helps regulate glucose metabolism by inhibiting secretion of insulin & glucagon

37
Q

type 1 diabetes

A

insulin dependent, autoimmune, no blood glucose regulation

38
Q

type 2 diabetes

A

insulin independent; body cells do not recognize insulin

39
Q

pineal gland

A
  • secretes melatonin
  • regulates circadian rhythms
40
Q

thymus gland

A
  • secretes thymosins
  • promotes development of T-lymphocytes
  • important in role of immunity
41
Q

reproductive organs

A
  • ovaries produce estrogen & progesterone
  • testes produce testosterone
  • placenta produce estrogen, progesterone, and gonadotropin
42
Q

responses to stress

A
  • hypothalamus controls stress response
  • response call general adaptation or general stress syndrome
43
Q

2 stages of general stress syndrome

A
  1. alarm
  2. resistance
44
Q

alarm response

A
  • immediate
  • fight or flight
  • sympathetic impulses increase blood glucose, heart & respiratory rate, blood pressure, shunt blood to skeletal muscles
  • epinephrine intensifies and prolongs response
45
Q

resistance response

A
  • long term
  • increased cortisol spares glucose for brain
  • glucagon & GH mobilize energy sources for other tissues & organs
  • ADH & renin cause water retention