Chapter 11: The Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

cerebellum

A
  • inferior to occipital lobes
  • dorsal to pons & medulla
  • two hemispheres separated by flax cerebelli
  • vermis connects hemispheres
  • cerebellar cortex (gray matter)
  • arbor vitae (white matter)
  • cerebellar peduncles
  • dentate nucleus (largest)
  • integrates sensory info concerning position of body parts
  • coordinates skeletal muscle activity
  • maintains posture
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2
Q

cerebellar cortex

A

gray matter in cerebellum

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3
Q

arbor vitae

A

white matter in cerebellum

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4
Q

vermis

A

connects cerebellum hemispheres

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5
Q

fall cerebelli

A

separates hemispheres of cerebellum

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6
Q

brain waves

A

recordings of fluctuating electrical charges in brain; EEG, via electrodes on scalp that detect electrical changes in extracellular fluid of brain

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7
Q

4 types of brain waves

A
  1. alpha
  2. beta
  3. theta
  4. delta
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8
Q

alpha

A

awake, resting, eyes closed

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9
Q

beta

A

active mental activity, under tension

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10
Q

theta

A

mostly in children

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11
Q

delta

A

mainly during sleep

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12
Q

apnea

A

no breathing, airway constricts

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13
Q

spinal cord

A
  • slender column of nervous tissue
  • begins at foramen magnum & terminates at the L1 - L2 space
  • consists of 31 segments; each gives rise to a pair of spinal nerves
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14
Q

spinal cord portions (5)

A
  1. cervical enlargement
  2. lumbar enlargement
  3. conus medullaris
  4. filum terminale
  5. cauda equina
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15
Q

conus medullaris

A

tapered end of spinal cord, between L1 & L2`

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16
Q

filum terminale

A

extension of Pia mater, extends down from conus medullaris

17
Q

cauda equina

A

horse tail; bundle of spinal nerves L2-L5, S1-S5, Co1-Co4, extends from conus medullaris

18
Q

meninges

A

membranes that protect brain and spinal cord; dura mater, arachnid, pia mater

19
Q

white matter is referred to as..

A

funiculi

20
Q

gray matter is referred to as..

A

horns

21
Q

where is an epidural injection given during childbirth?

A

L2-L3

22
Q

functions of spinal cord

A
  • center for spinal reflexes
  • conduit (pathway) for impulses to & from the brain
23
Q

reflex

A

automatic, subconscious response to stimuli in/outside the body

24
Q

reflex arc

A

neural pathway consisting of a sensory receptor, 2 or more neurons, and an effector; simple & most common

25
Q

simple reflex arc

A

contain only sensory & motor neurons

26
Q

most common reflex arc

A

sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron

27
Q

sensory

A

into posterior

28
Q

motor

A

out of anterior

29
Q

stretch reflex

A
  • monosynaptic
  • consists of sensory and motor neuron; synapse in spinal cord
  • ex. knee jerk reflex
  • helps maintain upright posture
30
Q

withdrawal reflex

A
  • occurs when person touches or steps on something painful
  • prevents of limits tissue damage by removing limb from painful stimulus
  • polysynaptic
  • reciprocal innervation
31
Q

polysynaptic

A

contains sensory neuron, interneuron, and motor neuron

32
Q

reciprocal innervation

A

flexors contract, extensors inhibited

33
Q

crossed extensor reflex

A
  • during withdrawal reflex, flexors on affected side contract, and extensors are inhibited (ipsilateral)
  • at some time, extensors on opposite sides contract, flexors inhibited
  • also shifts body weight, so person remains upright
34
Q

ascending tracts

A

conduct sensory impulses to brain

35
Q

descending tracts

A

conduct motor impulses from brain via motor neurons reaching muscles and glands

36
Q

what are tracts composed of?

A

axons