Ch.16 Finishes Flashcards
A single material applied to another substrate.
A finish
The most common type of wood flooring consists of thin strips from 3/8 inch to 25/3 seconds inch thick varying links with tongue and groove edges. Most of this flooring is 2 1/4 inch wide, but 1 1/2 inch wide strips are also available
Strip floor
Comes in the same thickness is strip floor but is from 3 1/4 inch to 8 inches wide. It is used where a larger scale is desired or to emulate water, historic planking.
Plank floor
Is made of pre-assembled wood flooring in three basic configurations.
Block floor
What are the three types of block floor
Unit black floor, laminated block floor, Parkette floor
Standard strip flooring assembled into a unit held together with steel or wood splines
Unit block floor
Flooring made from 3 to 7 plies of cross laminated wood veneer. Both types of these are three eights inch to 25/32 inch thick
X laminated block floor
Meta preassembled units of several small, then slots of wood in a variety of patterns. It may be finished or unfinished. It is usually sold in 12 inch squares, 5/16 inch dick, for mastic application. These floors are easier and less expensive to install than other types of flooring and can be installed in a wide range of designs.
Parquet flooring
These are solid pieces of wood from 2 1/4 inch to 4 inch is the blade on end. So I would like for the very durable and resilient oils, mild chemicals, and indentation. They were often use for industrial floors, but they’re used has been supplanted by other materials
End grain blocks
What is unfinished oak flooring graded as. What are the options
Clear, select, number one common, number two common
What are the four most common wood species used
Maple, oak, birch, beech 
What types of wood qualify as sustainable products
Bamboo and palm wood
How is strip flooring installed
Strip flooring is installed by blind nailing through the tongue. Installing wood flooring over concrete subfloor in commercial construction, a sheet of three-quarter inch plywood is attached to the concrete to provide a naval base. n layer of poly ethylene film is lay down first if moisture may be a problem
How many layers of veneer wood are in engineered wood flooring
Three, five, or seven each oriented at 90° to the adjacent ones, like plywood.
An igneous rock with visible grains. It is available in the right variety of colors including gray, beige, white, pink, red, blue, green, and black. For interior use, there are five common finishes.
Granite
This finish of granite has a mirror gloss with Sharp reflections
 polished
Type of granite finish that has a dull sheen
Honed
Type of granite finish that produces a smooth surface free of scratches with no sheen
Fine rubbed
Type of granite finish that produces a surface with occasional slight trails or scratches
Rubbed
Type of granite finish that produces a course surface
Thermal or a flame
A metamorphic rock formed by layers of shells, the under heat and pressure, form into a composition of crystalline grains of calcite and dolomite. Like granite, it is available in a range of colors and patterns, from uniform, pure white, to vivid greens and reds with wild streaked patterns.
Marble 
The smoothest finish of marble which produces a glossy service bringing out the full color and character.
Polished
 A finish of marble which produces a satin smooth surface, with little or no gloss
Honed
Type of marble finish that has a flat, non-reflective surface suitable for stair treads and other nonslip areas.
Abrasive
Type of marble finish that Yoda smooth surface that is also suitable for nonslip floors
A wet sand finish
The most commonly used for exterior surfaces, but a type of this called travertine is frequently used in interior flooring.
Limestone
Type of limestone that is frequently used for interior flooring. Because of the weather it is formed, this has a net work of holes in it. These must be filled with an Apoxsee resin to make a smooth surface. It is a light, creamy color it is usually finished with a polished surface
Travertine
Define green metamorphic rock that is easily split into thin slabs, making an ideal for flooring as well as roofing. It is available in gray, black, Greene, Brown, and the thread.
Slate
Type of slate finish that shows the natural cleft as it is Cleveland from the rock, so it is rough and surface level varies about 1/8 inch.
Cleft finish
Type of slate finish that gives an even plane showing a slight grain
Sand rubbed
Type of slate finish that is semi polished with no sheen
Honed
Is sedimentary rock made out of sand and other substrates. When cleared from the original rock, it is called Flagstone and has a naturally rough surface. It can be used with a regular edges as it comes from Morok, or it can be saw cut into rectangular or square shapes
Sand Stone
What are the two primary methods for installing stone flooring
Insert and thick set mortar
A uniform thickness of stone is sit on the subfloor with a special thin set mortar of about 18 inches thick or less or with an adhesive.
Thin set mortar installation
Requires a layer of mortar from 3/4 to 1 1/4 inch thick to be applied to assist suitably prepared, structurally sound support. Either Stone is been set in the semi wet murder or the murder, is allowed to cure and the stone is set with another thin layer of dry set mortar on top of the first
Thick Set mortar installation
What type of installation application is generally best in must be used when the subfloor is uneven or when the stone varies in thickness, as a slate or sandstone.
Thickset 
What type of installation is less expensive, and much less way to the floor, and are faster to install. These installations are suitable for 10 stone floors cut in uniform sicknesses in either residential or commercial construction
Thin set mortar installation
Type of girl can provide some flexibility with a slight movement in the floor is expected
Latex grout
What type of finishes are best in areas where the stone might get wet or on stairs
Flamed finishes with granite or an abrasive finish with marble are the better choices in these applications and code requires it sometimes
A composite material poured in place in precast that is used for floors, walls, and stairs. It consist of marble, quartz, granite, or other suitable chips, in a matrix that is cement to use, chemical, or a combination of both. It is poured, cured, ground, and polish to produce a smooth surface.
Terrazzo
What are the benefits of using Terrazzo floor
Durability, water resistance, ease of cleaning, fire resistance, and the availability of a wide choice of patterns and colors.
Most common type of Terrazzo which uses small chips no larger than 3/8 inches.
Standard Terrazzo
Type of Terrazzo that uses chips that are larger than 3/8 inches
Venetian Terrazzo
Type of Terrazzo that uses thin, random fractured slabs of marble with standard Terrazzo between
Palidian Terrazzo
Method of installing Terrazzo which is the best way to avoid cracking because of the finish system is physically separated from the structural slab with a membrane, much the same as in one of the thickset stone floor installation methods. Because the under bed is reinforced, the Terrazzo system can move independently of the structure.
Sand cushion method
Method of Terrazzo installation that can be used When floor movement or deflection is not expected
Bonded method
Method of Terrazzo installation where the thickness of the installation is a problem
Monolithic or thin set method
A generic term describing several types of composition materials made from various presence, fibers, plasticizers, and fillers. It is formed under heat and pressure to produce a thin material, either sheets or tiles. It is applied with mastic to a subfloor of concrete, plywood, or other smooth underlayment. Some may be installed only on floors above grade, while others may be placed below, on, or above grade.
Resilient flooring
A good durable resilient flooring that is resistant to indentation, abrasion, Greece, water, alkalize, and some acids. It comes in a variety of colors and patterns and is inexpensive and easy to install. It can be used below grade, Andre, or above grade. It must be installed over a clean, dry, smooth surface. Tiles are generally 12 x 12“ squares, although summer available in 9 inch squares. Both 1/16 and 1/8 inch thickness is are available, but for commercial use in better residential floors, the 1/8 thickness is preferred.
Vinyl flooring
This comes in six, nine, or 12 feet wide rolls. Although slightly more difficult to install, it results in a floor with fewer seams.
Sheet vinyl 
Similar to vinyl tile but comes in various types of fillers that decrease the percentage of polyvinylchloride. While this type of tile cost less than homogeneous vinyl, it has less flexibility and abrasion resistance. Because of this, through grade type should be specified. These are tiles were the color and pattern extend uniformly through the tile thickness. Normally this tile is applied with mastic, however, peel and stick types are available for residential applications. Tile is also available with attached foam backing for greater resilience
Vinyl composition tile
Made from synthetic rubber and offers excellent resistance to deformation under loads, providing a very comfortable, quiet, resilient floor. However, it is not resilient to oils or grease. This floor is available with a smooth surface or with a pattern, raised surface that allows water and dirt to lie below the wearing surface, helping to prevent slipping or excess abrasion. This is available in tiles or sheets in several thicknesses
Rubber flooring
This is made from granulated pieces of bark from the cork oak tree that are bonded together under heat and pressure. By varying the heat or adding dyes, a variety of colors and patterns can be produced some with the characteristics of draw color of cork and others as dark as walnut. Patterns range from standard, uniforms likes to alternating strips of dark and light material. This is also a renewable resource because it is harvested and the tree grows a new skin approximately nine years and then the bark can be harvested again.
Cork flooring
Available in tile and platforms and it is used for acoustical control and a high degree of resilience is desired. Tiles are commonly 12 inch squares and 1/8 to 1/4 inch thick. Planks are 12 inch wide and 3 feet long and consist of laminated tongue and groove, medium density fiberboard
Cork
How are cork floors installed
They are installed using adhesive, while the plank form is edge glued without being adhered to the subfloor. The entire floor then floats on the subfloor. In either case, the subfloor must be perfectly smooth so any and even this does not telegraph through.
What finishes is cork flooring available in
Cork flooring is available either finished or unfinished. Finishes include acrylic, polyurethane, and carnauba wax. Acrylic requires frequent reapplication every 4 to 6 months. Polyurethane must be reapplied every 3 to 7 years, and the old finish must be completely send it off to ensure new application will stick. Wax must be reapplied once a year
What are the three common finishes for cork flooring
Acrylic, polyurethane, and carnauba wax
Composed of oxidized linseed oil, Woodflower, pigments and fillers applied over the backing of burlap or asked for saturated felt. It is available in solid colors or with multicolored patterns that extend through sickness to the backing. It is a very good abrasion in Greece resistance but has limited resistance to alkalize. It is currently available in 0.1 inch thickness is, but other thicknesses are available depending on the manufacturer. Because it is composed of natural materials, it is popular as a sustainable materials
Linoleum
What is the maximum limit for moisture emission of concrete before other floors can be applied
Three LBM per 1000 ft.² per hour when exposed to 73°F temperature and 50% relative humidity.
One of the most common, and inexpensive and easy to complete tests to determine moisture Contant in concrete. It also gives results in the form of many foreign manufacturers use to determine if their product can be successfully installed. This test is made by placing a standard mass of calcium chloride below a plastic cover and sealing it to the concrete floor. After 60 to 72 hours, the calcium chloride is weighed to compare it with its pretest weight. Through a mathematical formula, the amount of moisture the calcium chloride absorbed is converted to the standard measure of pounds per 1000 ft.² or 24 hour period. One test should be conducted for every 500 to 1000 ft.² of slab area
Calcium chloride test Sometimes called moisture dome test
This test for moisture and alkalinity in concrete determines the moisture emission by measuring relative humidity of the atmosphere can find adjacent to the concrete floor. In this test, a pocket of errors track to be very vapor impermeable box, and a probe in the device measures the relative humidity. Test standards recommend that moisture sensitive flooring not be installed unless the relative humidity is 75% or less.
Hygrometer test also called relative humidity test
A test to determine moisture Contant and alkalinity of concrete that is a quantifiable test conducted by sealing an 18“ x 18“ sheet of plastic to the floor to trap excess moisture. After a minimum of 16 hours, a visual inspection is made of the floor in the sheet. The presence of visible water indicates the concrete is in sufficiently dry for the application of finishes.
The polyethylene sheep test
This test to determine concrete moisture and alkalinity contact is similar to the sheet test. This is also a Qualitative measure and uses 24” x 24” sample of vapor retardant floor finish. The sample is applied with adhesive, and the edges are sealed with tape. After 72 hours, a visual inspection is made. If the Matt is family bonded or removal of them that is difficult, then the level of moisture present is considered to be sufficiently low for installation of the flooring material
Mat test
A test for determining concrete moisture Contant and alkalinity that uses proprietary meters to determine the moisture Contant of concrete by measuring conductance in capacitance. Probes of the meter placed on the concrete, and the percentage of moisture continent in the slab is red out directly
Electrical impedance test
What is the normal pH of concrete
12 to 13.3
What types of problems does high alkalinity on the surface of a slab of concrete cause
Hi alkalinity on the surface of a slab can damage a tile installation by causing me adhesive to reinstall safari, or return to its original liquid state. It can also cause problems with other coatings. At a level of about nine or 10, most tile adhesive‘s may begin to experience problems, all the professional grade adhesive can sometimes be used with a pH of 11. Surface alkalinity can be controlled with various proprietary coatings
In this process, strongly alkaline cement begins to dissolve sand and rock within the concrete. The chemical reaction creates a gel like material that causes tremendous pressure in the pores of the concrete surface. This pressure, intern, can fuck off or blister floor finishes. The risk for this can be reduced by specifying aggregates that are not susceptible to this problem, using blue line segment, proper curing, and not finishing the concrete with a hard trowel service
Alkali silica reaction a SR
This type of test is used to test the surface of concrete that will come into contact with flooring adhesives or other critical floor coatings. It is a simple test that uses a coated paper strips or small meter. Once the level is no, it can be compared with the maximum recommendation by the flooring manufacturer
Ph test
What pH for concrete is considered ideal
8.5
This type of test can be used to determine the level of alkalinity in concrete. This involves grinding portions of the concrete, mixing those portions with demineralized water, and performing laboratory chemical analysis. A testing laboratory must perform this test
Titration test
What are the 3 basic types of carpet
Rug, sheet carpet, and carpet tiles
It’s off floor covering laid on top of the floor but not fastened to it. It does not cover the entire floor.
Rug
Comes in long rolls, commonly 12 feet wide, and is installed so no seams are visible
Sheet carpet
Individual pieces of carpet, typically 18 inch squares, that are applied to the floor with pressure sensitive adhesive. Because of their modular design, damaged or worn pieces can be replaced without removing the entire floor covering. They are generally specified for commercial installations where frequent changes in a room layout are expected, where maintenance may be a problem, or where flat, under carpet electrical and telephone cabling is used
Carpet tiles
A natural material and overall one of the best used for carpet. It is very durable and resilient, where as well, has a superior appearance, it’s flame resistant, and it’s relatively easy to clean and maintain. Unfortunately it is also one of the most expensive fibers for initial cost
Wool
Is an economical carpet material that is very strong and where resistant. It has a high stain resistant and an excellent crush resistance. It can be died in the wide variety of colors, and it cleans easily. Some have static issues and a glossy sheen, but these problems of generally been alleviated with improved fiber construction and buy blending this with other fibers. Because of its many advantages, including cost, it is one of the most widely used fibers for residential and commercial carpet
nylon
Has a moderate abrasion resistance, but it has one more roll like appearance of a nylon. Like nylon, it can be died in the variety of colors, has a good crush resistance, it is easy to maintain.
 acrylic
Made from synthetic polymers, is highly abrasion resistant, and has a good Krush resistance, cleans well, is mildew resistant, and is low in cost. It is sometimes blended with nylon
Polyester carpet fiber
This is primarily used for indoor outdoor carpet and as an alternative to jute for carpet backing. It is very durable, stain resistant, cleans easy. However, it is the least attractive of the artificial fibers and has a low melting point.
Olefin or poly propylene
The traditional method for making carpet by interlacing warp and weft yarns. It is the method that produces a very attractive, durable carpet, but it is the most expensive method of manufacturing carpet or machine.
Weaving
 Reduced on a jacquard loom that allows complex patterns to be woven into the carpet and can create several types of surface texture is, including level cut pile, level loop, cut/“, and multilevel loop. Because different colors of yarn run beneath the surface of the carpet in our pulled up only when they are needed for the pattern, these are generally heavier and more expensive than other words and types for the same total weight
Wilton carpet
The simplest form of weaving and places all the pile yarn on the face of the carpet. These carpets are generally solid colors, but multicolored yarn can also be used in a variety of service textures including flushes, Luke pile, cut pile, multilevel loop, and cut and loop
Velvet carpet
These are made on a modified jacquard loom that delivers different colors of yarn at different times according to the pattern desire. Because of the weaving process these carpets can be produced in a range of patterns and colors, from geometric to floral. Unlike Wilton process, most of the pile yarn is placed on the surface. The carpet hasn’t even, cut pile surface with a heavy ribbed backing.
Axminster carpets
A process in which the pile you aren’t as punch through the backing with rose of needles, much like the method employed by a sewing machine. As the needle goes through the back in, the yarn is called and held by the needle makes the next pass. The lip of yarn can be left as is for a loop carpet or cut her pet pile carpet. Because of the speed and relatively low cost of this, this process accounts for the majority of the carpet manufactured
Tufting
This process is similar to tufting except the fibers pulled through a backing barbed needles. It produces a carpet of limited for variation in texture and it counts for a very small percentage of the total carpet market
Needle punching
This process embed the pile of yarn in a backing of liquid vinyl. When the vinyl hardens, the tufts are permanently locked in the vinyl. This carpet has no backing as other carpet types due and is usually primarily for carpet tiles
Fusion bonding carpet
The number of ends of service yarn in a 27 inch width.
The pitch 
For tufted carpet what is the spacing in fractions of an inch between needles across the way to the carpet. Some of these are 5/64 inch, 1/10 inch, and 1/8 inch
Gauge
The number of lengthwise tufts in 1 inch.
Stitch
The height of the fibers from the surface of the backing to the top of the pile. Generally, shorter and more tightly packed fibers results in a more durable but more expensive carpet
Pile height
What is the most common backing yarn for woven carpet
Poly propylene
What is the secondary backing usually made of
Latex
Describe the manufacturing process of tufted carpet
Tufted carpet is manufactured by punching the yarns through a primary backing of woven and non-woven poly propylene or a woven jute. hey secondary backing, usually latex, is then applied
What types of carpets do not need padding or cushion
Direct glue down
What are the benefits of using cushions or padding under the carpet
They increase the life of the carpet, provide better resiliency and comfort, help sound absorption, and lessen impact noise
What are some common carpet cushion materials
Sponge rubber, felt, urethane, and foam rubber
Made from natural or synthetic rubber, along with other chemicals and fillers, it has a facing on the top side. It is available in flat sheets or a waffle configuration
Sponge rubber
Is available in four forms, hair, combination, fiber, and rubberized.
Felt
This is composed of 100% animal hair type of felt
Hair felt
Type of felt that is a mixture of animal hair and other fibers
Combination felt
Composed entirely of non-animal fibers type of felt
Fiber felt
Type of felt that is any other type of felt with a rubberized coating on one side
Rubberized belt
It is manufactured in three different ways to produce prime, densified, and bonded sheets, each of which has different range of densities. Thickness is range from 1/4 inch to three-quarter inch
Urethane
Is commonly applied as an integral backing to some carpet. It is natural or synthetic latex rubber with additives, and it has a backing on one side
foam Rubber
What are the two ways to install carpet
Who are you down or stretched in
Carpet installation in which the carpet is attached to the floor with adhesive. The carpet may have an attached cushion or be installed without a cushion.
Direct glue down method
Type of carpet installation that uses tactless strips attached around the perimeter of the room. The strips have been better, sharp points that face towards the wall. The carpet is stretched against the strips, which hold the carpet in place. A carpet cushion is either stapled to wood floors or glued to concrete floors after the tactless strips are in place
Stretched in installation
A carpet test that measures the response of a carpet sample to a burning methenamine tablet. Carpenter does not pass the test cannot be sold in the United States. The test was previously known as the DOCSF one and sometimes referred to by its code of federal regulations number, 16 CFR 1630.
Methenamine pill test or pill test
Small flat finishing units made of clay or clay mixtures. The two primary types are ceramic and Quarry
Tile
What are the advantages of tile
Durability, water resistance is glazed, ease of installation and cleaning, a wide choice of colors, sizes and patterns, fire resistance, fade resistance, and the ability to store heat for passive solar collection
Hey servicing unit, usually relatively thin in relation to facial area, made from clay or a mixture of clay and other ceramic materials, having either a glazed or unglazed face. It is fired above red heat during manufacturer to temperature high enough to produce specific physical properties and characteristics.
Ceramic tile
Glaze or a glaze tile, usually with 6 in.² or more facial area, and is made by the extrusion process from natural clay or shale 
Quarry tile
Type of tile that is formed by either just depressed or extrusion method, it is 1/ 2:45 eighths inches thick, and has a facial area of less than 6 in.². Just pressing uses large presses to shape the tile out of relatively dry clay, while the streets in process uses machines to cut tiles from a wetter and more malleable Clay extruded through a die.
Ceramic mosaic tile
Similar to ceramic tile in that it is made from clay, sand, and water, but the clay used is lighter in color and generally denser than that used for ceramic tile. this type of tile is fired at a temperature higher than ceramic tile in for a longer period of time. This firing process removes almost all the water, resulting in a tile that is denser and harder than ceramic tile. Because if it’s density, this tile is more durable and less porcelain ceramic tile, making it preferable for commercial installations or in High traffic areas. It is also less susceptible to freezing and thawing, so it can be used for exterior applications
Porcelain tile
According to the United States tile industry what is tile under 6 in.² considered
Mosaic tile
Type of tile that has water absorption rate of more than 7%
Non-vitreous tile
Tile that has a water absorption rate of 0.5% or less
Impervious tile
Types of tile that are classified between Non-vitreous and impervious tile
Semi-vitreous tile and vitreous tile
Classification of abrasion resistance that is light residential
Group one
Type of classification of tiles abrasion resistance that is moderate residential
Group 2
Classification of tile abrasion resistance that is maximum residential
Group 3
Classification of tile abrasion resistance that is commercial and having the highest abrasion resistance
Group 4
What are the two most common methods of laying a tile floor
Thin set method and full mortar bed method
Play it on a suitable substrate, commonly a glass mash motor unit specifically manufactured for tile installation. This is a cement use panel nailed to the subfloor. The tile is laid on a thin coating of dry sit or lay text Portland cement mortar with latex Portland cement grout. A standard sand in Portland cement grout can also be used. When using then set tile, the subfloor must be level, free from dirt and other contaminants, and able to support the way to the tile. If the subfloor deflects or moves in someway, Athens that tile installation will probably develop cracks. If movement or deflection of more than one 360th of this band is expected, then at full motor bed with a cleavage membrane should be used.
Thin set method
The tile in rainforest motor bed are separated from the structure of floor with a cleavage membrane to allow the two forward to move independently. This system should be used on floors were XSD but Jen is expected and on precast in post tensioned concrete floors. Because the motor bed is reinforced with 2“ x 2“, 16 gauge welded wire fabric, the tile in bed are rigidly how together as a unit. In addition to providing for movement, the full motor bed allows for minor variations in floor level to be corrected with the mortar. Talk to be set on the mortar bed while it is still plastic or on a cured water bed using a second coat of dry said or latex Portland cement mortar. If it waterproof floor is required, a waterproof membrane can be used in place of the cleavage membrane. This is preferred method for tile floors in commercial showers or where continuous wetting will be present.
Full mortar bed method
This message is not usually used an existing construction because of the required thickness of the mortar bed and the extra weight. Ideally, support should be depressed about 11/2 inch so that the level of the floor matches the adjacent for construction
Full mortar bed method
These are required for large expenses of tile and where the tile abuts restraining surfaces, such as that columns, walls, and pipes. They are also required where backing materials change and where does similar floors occur. These are not required in small rooms or Corredor‘s less than 12 feet wide. If there are existing control, isolation, construction, or building expansion joints, the tile joints must coincide with them as well. They must be filled with sealant rather than grout. For joints were traffic is expected, a two-part polyurethane sealant is used. Nontraffic areas can use silicone, one part polyurethane, or poly sulfide sealant
Expansion joints
Hey variation of plastic laminate material, is composed of a clear wearing sheet over a melanin impregnated decorative printed sheet with who are layers of phenolic impregnated craft paper. These sheets are laminated to a high density fiberboard core under heat and pressure in covered with a water resistant backing sheet
Laminate flooring
What is usually required when laminate is put on top of concrete floor
A vapor barrier
Timer for him that is hard, durable, resistant to staining, and relatively easy to install. It is gaining popularity where a less expensive alternative to wood or other types of flooring is required. It could be used in most locations but it’s not recommended for restrooms or other potentially wet areas.
Laminate flooring
A mixture of residence matrix, fillers, and decorative material supplier in a liquid or viscous form that cures to a hard, seamless service. Depending on the type of matrix and the specific mixture, the flooring is either poured or traveled on a subfloor. Some products are self-leveling, while others must be work to a level surface. So I’m products, such as Apoxsee Terrazzo, our service ground after the accurate to produce a smooth surface
Seamless flooring
What are the two categories of materials for seamless flooring
Thermosetting and thermoplastic
 this is a measurement of the degree of slip resistance over floor surface that ranges from 0 to 1. The higher the number the less slippery the surface
Co efficient of friction 
A generic term for the application of 10 coatings of various materials to protect and decorate the surfaces to which they are applied. These are composed of four components the binder, pigments, liquid or carrier, and additives. The binder and pigments together are often called the solids
Paint
The component that gives the paint film integrity and holds the particles of the pigment together. It is the main component that determines the quality of the paint. Quality of the paint is a product of its durability, flexibility, color retention, glass, and resistance to peeling, scrubbing, and staining.
The binder
Finally ground natural or synthetic insoluble materials that give paint its color and concealing abilities. The primary pigment of all paint is titanium dioxide, which is white. Other color answer added to produce the desired color. Extenders may be also added to the pigment to reduce the total amount of titanium dioxide, but this lowers the paint quality. Extenders include Clay, so we’re good, silicate, calcium carbonate, zinc oxide. Without any payment, the fighter with dry to be clear, glossy film, like a varnish. As a pigment is added, the glass is reduced. Paint with a low ratio pigment to binder go to gloss finish, while at higher ratio of pigment to binder gives a flat finish
Pigments 
The part that keeps the paint fluid until it dries and makes it possible to apply the paint. These evaporate after application, leaving a dry film of binder and pigments. In latex paints, the water is the liquid. And oil it. Is mineral spirits
Liquid
Various components added to the paint to impact certain attributes. Some examples include surfactants and diesel motors. Mildew insides are added to inhibit mildew from growing on the paint and are especially useful for exterior paints and paint using kitchens and bathrooms.
Additives
Effect the thickness or viscosity of the paint to make it easier to apply and resist splattering
Rheology modifiers
Help with the service is the pain is applied and keep the paint from separating a becoming too thick to use
Surfactants
Break bubbles that for my penis applied in our especially helpful for payment applied with a roller
Defoamers
Have binders dissolved in or containing organic solvents,
Solvent based paint
while the water base type has binders that are soluble or dispersed in water
Water-based paint
What are clear solvent-based coatings
Varnish is, shellac, silicone, and urethane
What do clear solvent-based coding such as water shoes, shellac, silicone, and urethane become want a small amount of pigment is added
Stain
A chemical compound made of vegetable oils and synthetic resin‘s.
Alkyd
Water-based paint with a vinyl chloride also known as polyvinyl acetate PVA or acrylic resin‘s as binders.
Latex paint
Is acrylic or vinyl latex paint better
Acrylic is better
What is added for more durable finishes as a binder for resistance to corrosion and chemicals and resist abrasion and strongly adhere to concrete, metal, and wood
Epoxy
What is used for superior Resistance to abrasion, Greece, alcohol, water, and feels. They are often used for wood floors and for anti-graffiti coatings
Urethanes
Type of paint that is used for its washability and shiny appearance however it tends to show defects in the surface on which it is applied.
Gloss and semi gloss
Type of paint to provide the low luster while still remaining somewhat washable.
Satin
Set Type of paint that you should be aware of or safety considerations when remodeling buildings built before 1978 such pain is dangerous if it breaks off, is Judon, or is released as does during construction activities and ingested by children or other objects
Lead-based paint
Hydrocarbon solvents used in paint, stains, and other products. They are released into the air during the application of coatings in react with nitrous oxide and sunlight to form of zone, the same product cars by automotive exhaust in other pollutants. As required by the clean air act of 1972, the environmental protection agency issued a regulation in 1999 that requires the amount of these and paint and other coatings to be reduced from previous levels.
Volatile organic compounds VOC
Available in a range of colors, patterns, textures, and materials for direct application to plaster or gypsum wallboard partitions. It is generally packaged in rolls 20 1/2 inches wide by 21 feet long and may be all paper or paper bags with cotton fabric or some other material. Double and triple rolls are also available. Sam is available within vinyl coding. Before application, a liquid sizing must be applied to the wall to seal the surface against the alkali, reduce the absorption of the paste or adhesive use, and provide the proper service for the product
Wallpaper
The distance from one point to the next instance of the same point in the pattern of wallpaper
Pattern repeat
When one length of the wallpaper is aligned with the next piece in a direct horizontal line
Straight match
If the next piece of wallpaper must be lowered to continue the pattern what is it called
Drop match
Durable, abrasion resistant finish that is easy to clean and can satisfy most code requirements for flammability. It is available in a wide range of colors and patterns. It typically comes in rules 52 to 54 inches wide and 30 yards long. It can be specified either with or without an additional coating of polyvinyl fluoride film, which provides an added stain resistance and extra protection for the vinyl. Other types of protective films are also available but they’re not stain resistant
Vinyl wall covering
How many grades of vinyl wallcovering are there
Three
Type of light duty vinyl wall covering
Type one
Type of medium duty vinyl wall covering
Type two
Type of heavy duty vinyl wall covering
Types
What is the total weight of type one vinyl wall covering
7 to 13 ounces per square yard
What is the total weight of type two vinyl wall
13 to 22 ounces per square yard
What is the total weight of type three vinyl wall covering
Anything over 22 ounces per square yard
What type of wall covering is used for residential and commercial applications were a little or no abuses expected
Type one
What type of wallcovering is used for residential commercial and institutional applications were a moderate amount of traffic and abrasion as expected, such as in offices, dining room, classrooms, and some halls
Type two
What type of wall covering is used wear extra heavy use as expected, such as public Corredor’s, food service areas, and hospitals
Type three
Type of seasoning that involves overlapping adjacent strips and then cutting through and removing both. This results in a very tight butt joint.
Double cutting
This must be used for patterned wall coverings were matching is critical, or with dark colored or deeply embossed material where removal of the adhesive is difficult
Butting 
Where fabric a but other finishes, where there is a danger of people brushing against the fabric edge, or wearing meet and precise line is needed. This provides a small recess for the fabric can be tucked into a small crack, giving a need or edge and concealing any minor delamination of the fabric edge from the partition it should occur. This can be used for both final wall coverings and fabric wall coverings
Tuck joint
Fabric stretched over frame and secured into place. Where is proprietary stretch fabric wall systems are available that allow fabric to be placed over inside and outside curved partitions as well as a flat partition. The edges gonna be straight or curved, and the fabric be placed on doors as well. Some systems provide a fiberglass padding under the fabric for more nominal sound absorption
Upholstered wall
What is it called when fabric is placed terrific fiberglass batting
An acoustic panel
Designed as individual panels and have at least 1 inch of sound absorbing material. In addition, they are covered with a Permeable material, such as blue suede fabric, so that the sound energy can pass through the fabric and be dissipated into the material underneath.
Acoustic panels
What does COM stand for
Customer own material
What are the two most important considerations when dealing with acoustic panels
The fabric type and the core material
Describe the type of fabric that should be used for an acoustic panel
The fabric must be permeable to allow for sound energy to pass through. This also means the fabric should not be backed. In addition, fabric should be hydrophobic that is they should not absorb and hold moisture that could cause sagging and distortion. 
What are some hydrophobic fabrics
Mod acrylics, polyester‘s, fiberglass and olefin 
What are some examples of hydrophilic fabrics
Cotton, Linton, Ward, Still, rayon, nylon, acetate
What types of weaves should be used in the fabrics chosen for acoustic panels
Balanced weeds such as jacquards and damask’s
What are some examples of unbalanced weaves
Satin, taffetas, basket waves
Describe the type of core material that should be chosen for an acoustical panel
Poor material can be a loose material, such as fiberglass or polyester batting or a taxable material such as mineral fiber board or tackle acoustic fiberglass.
If you dimensionally stable can positive inorganic mineral fibers with a micro perforated surface
Mineral fiber board
Non-combustible, fibrous glass Matt bonded with a resonance binder and formed into a rigid board with a finish base of thin, rigid fiberglass mesh
Tackable acoustic fiberglass
What should be avoided when choosing a core material for an acoustic panel
Avoid pressed, recycled paper products because these tend to absorb moisture and do not have good dimensional stability
Are used to enhance the appearance of windows, control light, provide privacy, reduce heat gain and heat loss, blocked undesirable views, and reduce sound reflections within a space. They can also be used to unify or disguise an awkward or undesirable grouping of openings.
Window treatments
What are the four broad categories of window coverings
Shades, blinds, soft coverings, and fixed coverings
These window coverings consist of a piece of cloth wound around a spring roller. They are normally pool closed from the top but can also be mounted to a pulley mounted cord unwinds them from the bottom up. They’re inexpensive and can be covered with decorative fabric. These coverings, however, block the view when closed and can interfere with ventilation. They also black late unless made from a translucent materials
Roller shades and inverted roller shades
These types of window treatments pull up with a cord into accordion folds
Roman shades
These types of window treatments operate in a similar way to Roman shades better made of several rows of fabric seemed in such a way that they fold into scallops when opened
Austrian shades
Traditional blinds that consist of horizontal slats of wood, aluminum, or plastic whose angle can be adjusted with a control cord. The blinds can also be pulled up to varying levels with another cord.
Venetian blinds
Type of window covering that or horizontal slots of aluminum like venetian blinds, but they are only 1/2 to 1 inch wide. The angle of the slats is controlled with a plastic rod. They can be pulled up to expose the entire window area.
Mini blinds
Vertical blinds hanging from a track and I just only and vertical direction. They can be pulled to the side to expose the window. They are available in several materials primarily plastic, width, and colors.
Blinds
Roller shades
Roman shade
Austrian shade
Venetian blinds
Mini blinds
Louvered shutters
Drapery
Curtains
Vertical blinds
Translucent panels
Rigid panels, usually have wood, that are hinged so they can be opened and closed. Individual panels have thin, adjustable, horizontal louvers to control the view and light.
Shutters
Similar to traditional shutters but featuring much wider louvers
Plantation shutters
What are the most common types of window coverings in residential and commercial interiors. Generally they are any loose hung fabric that covers the window. Most commonly, the fabric is attached to the traverse rod that allows the drapery to be drawn open and closed, but many styles of hanging are possible, including fixed, tie back, and loose hung swags. These can be made from a variety of fabrics using several pleading methods.
Drapery
What are the four most common pleating methods
Pinch pleat, stack pleat, roll pleat, an accordion pleat
Similar to draperies these used fabric, but they are usually hung within the window frame and close to the glass. In most instances, these are not intended to be opened, but are meant to be remain fixed across the portion of the window
Curtains
When a clear view is not required or desired, these can be used to admit diffuse light. These can be constructed of various types of plastic, sheer fabric, frosted glass, or even paper using fixed or sliding shoji screens
Translucent panels
These can be used to modify strong light and minimize an undesirable view are still providing some visual connection between the inside and outside. These can be constructed of any durable material, such as wood or metal, and could be fixed or removable. Decorative metal can also be used when security is required
Grilles
This type of window consist of individual horizontal panels of glass, about 3 to 4 inches wide, they also pivot outwards at once for ventilation. When closed, the lower edge of each piece of glass overlaps the piece below to prevent water from entering. Because it is impossible to get a good seal on the joints between the windows and because single panes of glass are used, these types of windows are seldom used anymore. When they are, their appropriate only for warm climates.
Jalousie window
What two pieces of information are needed to calculate the amount of carpet needed for an installation
The area of the space and the carpet layout showing the same locations and direction of the nap
How is carpet measured
By the square yard
How do you find the number of square yards
For rectangular rooms no wider than 12 feet, calculate the area in square feet and divide by nine to get the number of square yards required. Round fractions up to the next full square yard
The direction in which the pile tends to slant in carpet. To give a consistent appearance, avoid apparent light and darkness areas, carpet should be laid so that all runs in the same direction
The nap
The total area to be covered is calculated, modified by and I know it’s for waste and deductions for doors, windows, and other areas not to be covered. Then, the area covered by one roll or a bolt of wall covering is divided into the total area to determine the number of rolls or bolts needed. This method is useful for wallpaper and for situations in which the cost must be found based on price per roll. This method can also be used for commercial vinyl wall covering. 
The square footage method
Which is more accurate the square footage method or the strip method
The strip method
Also called the drop method or the strip count method, the total perimeter of the room is calculated in inches and then divided by the width of the role of wall covering material. This gives the number of strips needed. This number is multiplied by the height of the ceiling to get the number of linear feet or linear meters. The linear footage can be converted to linear yards or the total number of rolls, if necessary. The strip method works for any with the wall covering it does not require memorizing or calculating how many square feet can be covered by a roll of a given width. This method is based on price per yard. This is the case for commercial wall covering, which is typically sold by the yard, not by the roll
The strip method
What are the steps in the square footage method for rolls of wall covering less than 54 inches wide
- calculate the perimeter of the room in feet.
- multiply the perimeter by the height of the walls to be covered to get the total amount of area required in square feet
- To the area found in step two, add an extra 20% for waste
- calculate the area of the doors, windows, and other features that will not be covered. 15 ft.² for one door opening or two windows is a common room of thumb
- subtract the area in step four from the area in step three. This is the total area of wallpaper needed
- Divide the area per roll of wallpaper into the area found in step five to determine the number of rolls needed. A roll of 27 inches wide wallpaper contains 36 ft.². The more commonly used double row contains 72 ft.² round fractions to the nearest whole number
How wide is a European or metric roll of wall covering
20.5 inches
How long is a single metric roll of wallpaper
 16.4 feet
A type of pattern in which there are no elements that must line up from one strip to another, any two adjacent strips will match however they are aligned
Random match
The distance from a point in the design to the next place directly above or below it where the same point in the pattern is repeated
A pattern repeat
Elements repeat horizontally, and each strip starts at the ceiling line at the same place in the pattern.
Straight match or straight across match
Type of pattern in which design elements drop down each time they are repeated, so that they appear to repeat on a diagonal.
Drop match
The most common type of drop match in this type of pattern, the design elements drop from one strip to the next by half the distance of the pattern repeat. Every other strip starts at the ceiling line at the same place in the pattern.
Half drop match
How do you estimate wallpaper with a pattern repeat in an assumed half drop match
1.Divide the height of the wall to be covered in inches by the distance of the pattern repeat in inches. Round fractions up to the nearest whole number
2. multiply the result by step one by the distance of the pattern repeat in inches. This is the modified ceiling height, or working height, to use in the remainder of the calculation. Convert inches to feet by dividing by 12.
3. Multiply the modified ceiling height by the perimeter of the room
4. Follow the steps three through six in the square footage method
How does calculating vinyl wall coverings differ from calculating wallpaper
Vinyl wall covering is sold by the linear yard, so calculations are based on linear yardage rather than rolls. Second, most commercial wall coverings have a width of 54 inches. This is wider than most doors and windows, so no deduction is made for most openings. Deduction should only be made if there is an area wider than 54 inches
The total of the opening size, the stacking space, the return, and any overlap of two sections of drapery, and the amount of fullness of the drapery
The total fabric width
What does the total fabric with the divided by the basic role with the fabric determine
The number of fabric panel widths needed
A combination of opening size or desired length of the finished drapery, the header at the top where the fabric is pleated, and the hem of the bottom
Cut length
The measure of how much of the fabric is taken up and pleading. There are two common ways of expressing this. It can be given as the ratio of the fabric whip before pleading to that after pleading, such as 2 to 1 or it can be given as the amount of fabric taken up including expressed as a percentage of the finished with it. Thus, if a panel is 6 feet wide before pleading and 2 feet wide after pleading, the fullness of the drapery is 3 to 1 or 200%
Fullness
What are the three standard fullnesses of draperies
100%, 150%, and 200%
Should you include a waste factor when calculating drapery fullness for the exam
No
The space needed on either side of the window so that when the drapery is fully open, it is clear of the window. The space needed is generally the width of the window opening divided by three
Stacking space
The distance from the wall to the drapery rod. These are generally 3 inches to 3 1/2 inches deep
Return
The amount the two portions of the drapery overlap when closed in a center drawn system. This is usually 6 inches.
Overlap
What is the formula for finding fabric width
Drapery width times fullness factor
What is the formula for determining the total width of the finished drapery needed
Window whip + stacking space + return + overlap
What is the formula for determining the number of panels needed for drapery
Fabric width divided by panel width
The amount of fabric used in finished edge at the bottom
Hem
The amount used in the finished edge at the pleated top of the drapery
Header
For the exam, how should you find where draperies should be hung
Use the window height +10 inches
How do you determine the number of linear yards of fabric needed
(Number of panels)(Cut length)/36 inches per yard
