Ch. 15 Lighting Flashcards
Defined as visually evaluated radiant energy
Light

A form of electromagnetic radiation with wave links that range from about 400nm for violet light to about 700 nm for red light
Visible light
This type of light is produced when I store cement approximately equal quantities of energy over the entire visible spectrum
White light
The unit is luminous intensity approximately equal to the horizontal light output from an ordinary wax candle. In SI system of measurement, this unit is the Candela
Candlepower cp
The unit of luminous flux equal to the flux in a unit solid angle of one steradian sr in a uniform point source of one candle power. On a unit sphere, and area of one square foot will be submitting an angle of one sr. Because the area of a unit sphere is equal to four pi square units, a source of one candle power produces 12.57lm
Lumen lm 
The density of luminous flux incident on a surface in lumens per unit area. One lumen uniformly incident on one square foot of area produces an aluminates of 1 foot candle. In SI units the measurement is lux lx, or lumens per square meter
Illuminance
Believe it is flats per unit of projected area and unit solid angle leaving a surface, either reflected or transmitted. By definition, the unit is the candela per square meter, also called the net. In the older inch – pound system, the unit is the footLambert, where 1 foot Lambert is 1/pi cd/sf. This takes into account the reflectance and transmit its properties of materials and the direction in which they reviewed. Thus, 100 lx striking a 1 m² service with 50% reflectance result in aluminate of 50 cd per square meter. This is sometimes called brightness, although brightness includes the physiological sensation of the adaptation of the eye, whereas this is measurable state of object luminosity
Luminance
The solid angular flux density in a given direction measured and candlepower or candelas
Luminous intensity
What is luminance also sometimes called
Brightness
What is the category in which various activities are assigned and I’m gonna minutes category
A-y A represents the lowest value for general lighting in non-critical areas, Y represents requirements for specialized and difficult visual tasks
To conserve energy most codes require designers to develop a power budget for a project based on the building type and design lighting systems within that budget. What does this mean for determining illumination per category
This most often requires that the recommended illumination level be provided for task areas only and that general background illumination or ambient light be less, about 1/3 of the task level.
What is considered a maximum power budget for many commercial buildings
2.3 W per square foot
What are some important qualities in light
Glare, contrast, uniformity, and color
What are the two types of glare 
Direct glare and reflected glare
This type of glare results when a light source in the field of vision causes discomfort and interference with the visual task. Not all visual light sources caused his problem. The extent of the problem depends on the brightness of the source, its position, the background illumination, and the adaptation of the eye to the environment
Direct glare
Is factor is the percentage of people who, when the rain from his classified location and in a specific direction, will find the situation acceptable in terms of discomfort glare. Although the calculations are complex, so I’m simplifications are made, and many manufactures publish this rating for their light fixtures when used under certain conditions
Visual comfort probability factor VCP
For most situations what is the critical zone for glare
In the area above a 45° angle from the light source
This type of glare occurs when a light source is reflected from a viewed surface into the eye. It is this that interferes with the viewing task, it is also called a veiling reflection. The effect of this is to decrease the contrast between the task and its background. For example, a strong light on paper with a pencil writing can bounce off the reflective graphite, making the graphite almost as bad as the paper, and effectively obliterate the writing
Reflected glare
The difference in illumination level between one point and nearby points.
Contrast
Invert situations what should brightness ratios be limited to
3 to 1 between task and immediate surroundings, 5 to 1 between task in nearby general surroundings, and 10 to 1 between task and more remote surroundings
Affects a persons perception of a space is being comfortable and pleasant to be in. This is usually not desirable except for certain tasks like drafting or machine shop work. Some amounts of shade and shadow provide highlights in interest to the space
Uniformity
The interaction between the color of the light source in the color of the objects that reflect the light. This is a complex subject, but it can affect peoples comfort and their impression of an environment.
Color in lighting
What are the four types of light sources in addition to daylight
Incandescent, fluorescent, high intensity discharge, and light emitting diode‘s LED
The ratio of luminous flux emitted to the total power input of the source and is measured in lumens per watt. It is an important measure of the energy efficiency of a light source. The amount of heat generated by light sources also an important consideration because waste heat usually needs to be removed or compensated for with the air conditioning system, which can add to total energy of the building
Efficacy
Consists of a tungsten filament placed within a sealed bowl containing an inert gas. When electricity is passed through the lamp, the filament glows, producing light. These are produced in a variety of shapes, sizes, and wattages for different applications. These are designed by their shape followed by a number that indicates the diameter in eighths of an inch at the widest point. That’s an R – 38 is a reflector lamp with a diameter of 4 3/4 inch
Incandescent
What is an a incandescent light
Arbitrary
What is a G incandescent light
Globular
What is CA INCANDESCENT 
Candle shaped
What is a PS incandescent light
Pear-shaped
What is an MR incandescent light
Multi faceted mirror reflector
What is a PAR incandescent light
Parabolic aluminized reflector
What is an R incandescent 
Reflector
What is an S incandescent light
Straight
What is a T incandescent light
Tubular
What type of bean spread does a reflector lamp have
Widespread
Provide some more efficient throw a flight from a fixture by focusing the light being at a point slightly in front of the land before it spreads out. It’s spread a slightly smaller than that of a regular reflector light.
Elliptical reflector lamp ER
Focuses light in a tighter spread, with the light rays more parallel because its reflector is a parabola with the filament at the focus of the parabola this comes in blood spread and spotlight
Parabolic aluminized reflector lamp
What types of beam spreads do you parabolic aluminized reflector lamps and reflector lamps have
Flood spread and spot light
Please type is the low-voltage it has the narrowest beam spread of the four types of incandescent lamps
MR – 16
A multi faceted mirror reflector low voltage lamp
MR-16
What are the disadvantages of incandescent lights
They are low efficiency, have a short lamp live, and high heat output. The combination of heat production and low efficiency makes these lamps on desirable for large, energy efficient installations
Light is produced by the incandescence of the filament, but there is a small amount of halogen, such as iodine or Breaux mine, and the follow up with inert gas. Through a reoccurring cycle, part of the tungsten filament is burned off as the lamp operates, but it mixes with the halogen and its redeposited on the filament instead of on the wall of the bulb as in standard incandescent lamps. The result is low lumen depreciation overall the lamp of the life of the lamp, longer lamp life, and more uniform light color. Because the filament burns under high pressure and temperature, the bulb is made from quartz and is much smaller than those of standard incandescent lamps. These lamps are often referred to as quarts halogen. Standard 120 V and low-voltage lamps are available 
Tungsten halogen
These lands operate at a lower voltage than 120, usually 12. However, they operate at a higher current or amperage, so they’re filaments have to be thicker to carry the added current. Because the filaments are thicker, there are also more compact, resulting in smaller lamps and Lance with better beam control
Low voltage lamps
What is the main disadvantage to low-voltage lamps
These lamps require a transformer to step down the line voltage. The results in a volunteer luminaire in higher initial cost
Contain a mixture of inert gas and low pressure mercury vapor. When the lanterns energized, a mercury arc is formed that creates ultraviolet light. The invisible light in turn, strikes the phosphor coated Bob, causing it to fluoresce and produce visible light.
Fluorescent light
How many types of fluorescent lamps are there and what are they 
There are three types of fluorescent lamps they are pre-heat, rapid start, and instant start
A device that supplies the proper starting an operating voltages to the lamp as well as limiting the current
Ballast
What are the most popular shapes of fluorescent lamps
Tubular shapes, normally straight, but U-shaped and circular lamps are also available.
What are fluorescent lamps designated according to
Air type, wattage, diameter, color, and type of starting circuitry 
What is the most common length of a fluorescent lamp
4 feet
What are some of the benefits of standard fluorescent lamps
I have high efficiency, relatively low initial cost, and long life, and are available in a variety of color temperatures
Is it more or less expensive to dim a fluorescent light then a incandescent light
More expensive
What are some of the fall backs to fluorescent lights
They are larger than incandescent so it is more difficult to control them precisely so they are usually better for general illumination rather than specific
Consists of a T4 or a T5 tube bent in a U-shaped with the pins in one end of the lamp.
CFL compact fluorescent lamp
Hi efficiency compact fluorescent with two pin base, making it impossible to use any other type of lamp. It is available in spiral CFL shape or a spiral squat version for use in 120 V or 277 V circuits. A variety of color temperatures are available with a CRI of 80 or higher. They have efficiencies from 40 women’s per white to 70 lm/W, depending on wattage and specific manufacture, with a rated lamp live from 10,000 hours to 30,000 hours
GU – 24 
A socket in base system is designed to replace the standard Edison screw base. The energy star program requirements for residential light fixtures require the residential lighting fixtures cannot use the standard Edison screw base
GU – 24 socket
Lamps that produce light by passing an electric current through a gas or vapor under high-pressure. These types of lamps include mercury vapor, metal halide, and high-pressure sodium
High intensity discharge HID
An electric arc is passed through high pressure mercury vapor, which causes the lamp to produce both ultraviolet light and visible light, primarily in the blue green spectra band. 
Mercury vapor lamp
These types of lamps have a long lamp like but poor color rendering. They use is generally limited to outdoor lighting and industrial applications such as warehouses
Mercury vapor lamps
Similar to mercury lamps except that halogens of metals are added to the arc tube. This increases the efficiency and improves color rendition but decreases lamp life. These provide the best combination of features of high intensity discharge lamps. They have color rendering index is between 60 and 90, high efficiency, and relatively long life.
Metal halide lamps
What are the disadvantages of metal halide lamps
These lamps experience a large shift in a parent color temperature over their lives. Like all high intensity discharge lamps, metal halide lights have an outer bulb to protect the art tube and protect people from the dangerous ultraviolet light.
What are the three types of outer bulbs for metal halide lamps
Clear, phosphorus coded, and diffuse
These types of bulbs are used when optical control is required in metal halide lamps
Clear
These types of bulbs are used for better color rendition in metal halide lamps
Phosphor coated 
These types of lamps are used in specific recessed down light fixtures installed and low ceilings for metal halide lamps
Diffuse 
These types of lamps are used as ceramic art tubes rather than quartz tubes, which allows the lamp to burn at a higher temperature, improving color rendition in light control. The efficiency of these lamps is better than the older mellow metal halide and there is better color consistency over the lamps lifetime.
Ceramic metal halide CMH
What are the disadvantages of ceramic metal halide lamps
Higher initial cost, difficulty in Deming, and the requirement for a ballast.
These types of lamps produce light bypassing an electric arc through hot sodium vapor. The octave must be made of a special ceramic material to resist attack by the hot sodium. Hi these types of lamps have efficiencies from 80 lm per watt to 140 lm per watt making them among the most efficient lamps available. They also have extremely long life spans from about 10,000 hours for improved color lamps and up to 24,000 hours for other types
High pressure sodium lamps
What are the disadvantages of high-pressure sodium lamps
These lamps produce a very yellow light. However with available color correction versions, color condition is acceptable for some interior applications. It is possible to get these lamps with color rendering index is up to 70.
How much time does each have high intensity discharge lamp required to restart
Mercury vapor lamps need 3 to 10 minutes, metal halide lamps need about 10 to 20 minutes, and high-pressure sodium lamps need about one minute
These types of lamps can be formed into an unlimited number of shapes and are used for signs and specifically accent lighting. By varying the gas within the two, a variety of colors can be produced.
Neon lamps
These types of lamps are similar to neon lamps and they can be produced in long runs of them tubing vent to shape, but they have a higher efficiency, and are slightly larger and can produce several shades of white as well as many colors
Cold cathode lamps
A semi conductor device that uses solid-state electronics to create white. They are class of solid-state lighting that also includes organic light emitting diode and light emitting polymers. They’ve been used for many years as indicator panel lights in another small electronic devices. They are also used in traffic signal lights, signage lights, and railroad automated applications
Light emitting diode LED
What are the two disadvantages of replacing traditional light sources with LED lamps
LED lamps cost more and have relatively low efficiencies
Provides 90 to 100% of the light output on the task. A recessed fluorescent luminaires an example of this.
Direct lighting system
Provide 60 to 90% of the light down from 10 to 40% towards the ceiling fixtures this type of system must be service mounted or suspended
Semi direct system
Provide equal amounts of light up and down
Direct indirect system
There are 90 to 100% of all the light towards the reflective ceiling
Indirect system
Common commercial lighting system. This kind of system provides a general background illumination level separate light fixtures used at individual workstations or wherever light is needed’
Task ambient system
The most commonly used types for residential in some commercial interior design. As the name implies, the Lumineers directly attached to the fix to the finished surface of the ceiling, directly all or majority of the light into the space. These pictures are used where there is not sufficient space above the ceiling to recess a fixture or where fixtures are added after the ceiling has been constructed
Surface mounted fixtures
Why do used in residential and commercial installations. Residential recessed lighting is usually limited to incandescent down lights because these can be located in the limited space between the floor and ceiling joists. Commercial installations utilized these lights as well as recessed choppers that could fit in a suspended acoustical ceiling system. When the entire ceiling is made up of lighting, a luminous ceiling is formed. These can be general downloads for overall illumination or wall washers, which direct light in only One Direction. Continuous, narrow strips of fluorescent luminaires can also be recessed next to the wall to wash the wall uniformly with light
Recessed fixture
Lumineers drop below the level of the ceiling. These include indirect incandescent or fluorescent fixtures, track lighting, indirect systems, chandeliers, and other types of specialty lighting. This type of mounting is required for indirect systems. The fixture must be located far enough below the ceiling to allow for some proper spread of light to bounce off the surface. This is also used when the designer needs to get a great source of light closer to the task area in a high ceiling room. Sometimes specialty fixtures are use strictly for aesthetic reasons
Suspended fixture
Can provide indirect, direct indirect, or direct waiting period for general illumination, sconces direct most of all the way towards the ceiling. They are often used a Decorative elements as well as light sources. Various types of adjustable nonadjustable direct lighting fixtures are available that service task lighting, like bed lamps. Code lighting and also be mounted on the wall near the ceiling and will indirectly like either the ceiling or the walls depending on how it is shielded
Wall-mounted fixture
Common with task ambient systems. Individual lights are built into the furniture above the work surface to provide sufficient task illumination, while uploading is provided by lights either built into the upper portions of the furniture or as freestanding elements.
Furniture mounted lighting
Floor lamps are the most common. These are available in thousands of different styles and sizes and can be custom design and manufactured if needed. These types of lights are direct most of their light output to the ceiling and are called torcheres
Freestanding fixture
These include table lamps, reading lamps, and fixtures that are intended for strictly decorative lighting rather than for task or ambient lighting. Like floor lamps, these are available and hundreds of manufactured and almost unlimited number of styles
Accessory light
The measure of the energy output at different wavelengths or colors. Is energy distribution curve shows the discontinuous curve, typical of fluorescent in HID lights. With a continuous curve and peaks at certain points.
Characteristic spectral energy distribution
The measure of how well one source renders the color of an object when compared with the same object blooded with a reference source of similar chromaticity see who’s CRI is 100
Color rendering index CRI
What is the color temperature for most office applications
3500 K
The number are used in these calculations that represents how efficiently the women are distributes the light from the lamps under various degrees of finish reflect city of the floors walls and ceiling
Coefficient of utilization CU
In the formula E equals i/ D squared what does each letter equal
E equals illumination, footcandles, or lumens per square foot
I equals luminous intensity, candle power, or candelas
D equals distance, foot from the source to the surface
What is the formula for finding the illumination of the horizontal surface for surfaces that are not perpendicular to the source
E= I cosine theta divided by D squared
The rating given a particular luminaire that represents the fact that not all of the lumens produced by the lamp reach the work surface
Coefficient of utilization CU
A number from 0.01 to one that depends on the design of the light fixture as well as the characteristics of the room in which the fixtures place, including the room size and service reflectance is. Manufactures publish tables that gives us information for each of their Lumineers under various conditions
Coefficient of utilization
This is a fraction represents the amount of light that will be lost due to several additional factors. Among these are lamp Bloemen depreciation, which is white loss with age, and luminaire dirt depreciation, which is like loss due to accumulated dirt on lamps based on that kind of environment in which they operate
Light loss factor LLF
Weight loss with age
Lamp lumen depreciation
Light loss due to accumulated dirt on lambs based on the kind of environment in which they operate
Luminaire dirt depreciation
~ what is the formula to calculate the number of luminaires required in a room to maintain a given illumination level.
Number of luminaires =(Footcandles)(Area of the room)/(Number of lamps)(Aluminum per lamp)(Coefficient of utilization)(light lost factor)
A diagram showing lines of equal illumination produced by specific lumen hear from a particular manufacture. This is similar to the candle power distribution diagram that gives an indication of the illumination level of various vertical distances from the luminaire, as well as the light level in the horizontal direction. The chargers produced either by four scale mock ups of the luminaire or buy a computer simulation.
Isolux chart
The efficiency, the ratio of the luminaires light out but to the input power. Xpress in lumens per watt. And practical terms, this measures how efficiently a particularly Minier can get the available light from the lamps out the fixture. It takes into account the luminaires efficiency and lumen output, as well as the total power at uses including the ballast
Luminaire efficiency rating LER
The number of switches refers to the number of conductors required to make the switching possible.
Three and four-way switches
A horizontal service placed above a level that reflects direct daylight onto the ceiling while shading the lower portions of the window in the interior of the room. This has the desirable effect of distributing the light more evenly from the window to the back of the room.
Light shelf
Expressed as a percentage, is the ratio of the indoor illuminates at a point on the horizontal surface to the unobstructed exterior horizontal illuminance. Direct sunlight is excluded
The daylight factor DF
