ch. 9 terminology Flashcards
biotechnology
manipulation (through genetic engineering) of living organisms or their components to produce useful commercial products
recombinant dna technology
insertion or modification of genes to produce desired proteins
genetic engineering
techniques used to cut and join together genetic material from different species
and to introduce the result into an organism in order to change one or more of its characteristics
artificial selection
process to enrich organisms that produce a desired product or has a specific property m
mutation
altered dna sequence; mutagens cause mutations that might result in a microbe with a desirable trait— site directed mutagenesis
restriction enzymes (RE)
enzymes that cut very specific dna sequences (molecular scissors)— 1970 – blunt and sticky ends
methylases
protect own dna by methylating cytosines pr
primer
specific organism that will allow for detection if that organism is present
real time pcr
-qPCR
newly made dna tagged w/ a fluorescent dye; levels of fluorescence can be measured after every pcr cycle
reverse transcription pcr
RT-PCR
reverse transcriptionase enzyme used to make c DNA from viral RNA or mRNA followed by PCR
diagnostics
PCR and DNA probes can be used to quickly identify a pathogen in body tissues or food (forensic microbiology)
gene therapy
replace defective or missing genes
pharmaceutical applications
hormone or antibiotic production
vaccines
subunit vaccines; dna vaccines, non-pathogenic viruses carrying genes for pathogen’s antigens as vaccines
PCR
polymerase chain reaction – makes copies of a piece of dna
cloning vector
are recombinant DNA molecules.
introduce foreign DNA into host cells
are self-replicating in large quantities
products made from recombinant dna technology
insulin– diabetes
antitrypsin– emphysema
EGF -wound burns
Erythropoietin — anemias
Factor VII, VIII– blood clotting
Vaccines — bacterial infections/diseases
Relaxin — childbirth
hGH — growth deficiencies
Taxol — ovarian cancer
TNF— destroys tumors
