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PTA 230 (Ortho) > Ch 5: general muscle biology > Flashcards

Ch 5: general muscle biology Flashcards

1
Q

What is physical activity intended to increase muscle strength and mass?

A

Strength training

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2
Q

Maintained, enhancing, and regaining strength are critical for?

A

Improving body function during all phases for recovery

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3
Q

What is any form of active exercise in which a dynamic or static muscle contraction is resisted by an outside force, applied either manually or mechanically?

A

Resistance exercise

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4
Q

What is resistance training that is applied in a systemic or individualized manner designed to improve, restore, or enhance physical function?

A

Therapeutic exercise

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5
Q

What are the factors that strength of tension-generating capacity of a muscle?

A
  • Neural control
  • Cross sectional area
  • Muscle fiber arrangement
  • Muscle length
  • Angle of pull
  • Fiber type distribution
  • Energy stores of muscle
  • Recovery from exercise
  • Fatigue
  • Age
  • Gender
  • State of health of muscle
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6
Q

The body of an individual muscle is surrounded by noncontractile connective tissue called?

A

Epimysium

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7
Q

With the muscles are bundles of fibers called

A

Fasciculi

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8
Q

Noncontractile tissue surround fasciculi

A

Perimysium

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9
Q

What is a noncontractile connective tissue that surrounds each individual muscle fiber?

A

Endomysium

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10
Q

Individual muscle fibers are composed of?

A

Myofibrils (parallel to each other)

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11
Q

What are the structural components of myofibrils called?

A

Myofilaments

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12
Q

What proteins are myofilaments composed of?

A

Myosin and actin

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13
Q

What is the functional/contractile unit of a muscle fiber cell:

A

Sarcomere

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14
Q

What is a thick protein actively involved with the muscular contractions which involves a complex and highly structured series of chemical and mechanical events?

A

Myosin

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15
Q

What is a thin protein actively involved with the muscular contraction which involves a complex and high structured series of chemical and mechanical events?

A

Actin

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16
Q

Explain the breakdown of muscular contraction

A
  • Neurological stimulus to contract a muscle releases acetylcholine
  • Initates release of calcium
  • Calcium ions bond with troponin and tropomyosin (actin filament proteins)
  • ATP reacts with ATPase producing energy so myosin and actin can slide past each other
  • Results in generating tension and producing contraction of muscle
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17
Q

What muscle fiber is type I?

A

Slow twitch

18
Q

What muscle fiber is red oxidative?

A

Slow twitch

19
Q

What muscle fiber possesses relatively large and numerous mitochondria, triglycerides, and oxidative enzymes to allow for aerobic work?

A

Slow twitch

20
Q

Which muscle fiber is aerobic?

A

Slow twitch

21
Q

Which muscle fiber has relatively low myosin-ATPase and glycolytic activity as well as slower calcium handing ability and shortening speed?

A

Slow twitch

22
Q

What muscle fiber is specialized for muscular endurance?

A

Slow Twitch

23
Q

What muscle fiber contract slowly but are highly efficient for prolonged aerobic events

A

Slow twitch

24
Q

What muscle fiber is type II?

A

Fast twitch

25
Q

What muscle fiber is white glycolytic?

A

Fast twitch

26
Q

What muscle fiber is anaerobic?

A

Fast twitch

27
Q

What muscle fibers are not vascular?

A

Fast twitch

28
Q

What muscle fibers fire/contract at a higher speed and with more force?

A

Fast twitch

29
Q

What muscle fibers have high levels of myosin-ATPase, which provides energy for speed of contraction and tension?

A

Fast twitch

30
Q

What muscle fibers have low myoglobin content and very few mitochondria?

A

Fast twitch

31
Q

What muscle fibers are larger in diameter?

A

Fast twitch

32
Q

What muscle fibers are mainly used for speed, strength and power?

A

Fast twitch

33
Q

What muscle fiber has a fast contraction speed and moderate capacity for energy transfer from aerobic and anaerobic sources?

A

Type IIA (fast-oxidative-glycolytic)

34
Q

What muscle fiber possesses the greatest anaerobic capacity and the fastest shortening speed?

A

Type IIB (fast-glycolytic)

35
Q

What muscle fiber is rare and undifferentiated and may contribute to reinnervation and motor unit transformation?

A

Type IIAB

36
Q

What is the basic unit of movement?

A

Motor unit

37
Q

What consists of the anterior motor neuron and all muscle fibers that innervates it?

A

Motor unit

38
Q

What contains only one specific muscle fiber type?

A

Motor unit

39
Q

What is the adding of motor units to increase force?

A

Motor unit recruitment

40
Q

What proposes an orderly recruitment of motor units within a motor neuron pool during a defined movement task?

A

Henneman size principle

41
Q

When a low force is needed, what muscle fibers activate?

A

Slow twitch (Type I)

42
Q

What is the orderly recruitment of muscle fibers during contraction?

A
  • Slow Twitch (Type I)
  • Fast Twitch (Type II)
  • Fast twitch A
  • Fast twitch AB
  • Fast twitch B

PTA 230 (Ortho) (55 decks)

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