CH 4: Stretching Flashcards by Cynthia Schmidt

What involves elongating the muscles and tendons to the end of available ROM

Stretching

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How do we produce a stretch?

Applying a tensile force to the muscle resulting in transient deformation and elongating the musculotendinous unit

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What influences the mechanical behavior of connective tissue?

Amount of collagen available
Amount of stretching occurring
Type of connective tissue present

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What is the main goal of stretching?

To increase flexibility to increase ROM

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What relates to a tissues ability to resist stretch and indicates the amount of deformation proportional to the load applied?

Stiffness

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What does the stiffer the tissue mean?

Less compliance, less likely to stress

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What happens when we decrease tissue stiffness?

Greater compliance to stretching

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What can flexibility training help with?

Decreasing stiffness in the muscle-tendon unit

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Where does most of the resistance to stretching most likely occur?

Connective tissue framework and sheathing from within and around the muscle

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How much can a muscle be stretched past its resting length?

150%

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What is an accommodation to the discomfort of stretching over time?

Stretch tolerance

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What is the aim of stretching?

Inhibit reflex activity
Decreasing resistance
Improving ROM

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What are the mechanoreceptors responsible for contractile responses?

Muscle spindles and GTO

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What is necessary to help prepare the tissue for activity?

Warm up

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What is the purpose of warm-up exercises including stretching?

To prepare the body for the stresses it will encounter during an activity of sport and is necessary for increasing core body temp

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What is produced with muscle contraction, increasing intramuscular temperature?

Heat

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What can a warmed muscle do compared to a cold muscle?

Increased ROM
Contract more forcefully
Relax more quickly
Enhance work production of muscles

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What are the beneficial effects of a warm-up before strenuous activity?

Blood flow increases
Temp increases
Cardiovascular response to sudden, dynamic exercise improved
Breakdown of oxyhemoglobin for delivery of oxygen to working muscle is increases

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What is reduced with warm up?

Risk of connective tissue and contractile tissue damage

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How long do warm-up protocols last?

10-25 minutes

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What is the most common form of stretching used to increase the ROM in a joint safely?

Static stretching

What type of stretching allows on to sustain a controlled stretch by placing a muscle in a fully elongated position and holding that position for a period of time?

Static stretching

What type of static stretch implies that the force is applied externally?

Passive

What type of static stretch occurs when opposing muscle action is use to aid the stretch?

Active

What are the advantages of static stretching?

- Reduced chance of exceeding strain limits - Reduced energy requirements - Reduced potential for muscle soreness - Easy to stretch

What are the general goals of static stretching?

- Prevent or minimize risk of soft-tissue injury - Improve movement - Increase flexibility - Prevent contracture

What is the least desirable type of stretching?

Ballistic

What type of stretching places the tissue at risk by using jerking or bouncing movements at the end of the ROM exercise to stretch the muscles?

Ballistic

What type of stretch increases the risk of connective tissue and contractile tissue trauma?

Ballistic

What type of stretch stimulates muscle spindles during stretch resulting in continuous resistance to further stretch causing a high rate of tension strong enough to injure the musculotendinous unit?

Ballistic

What type of stretching uses a muscular contraction to stretch the muscle?

Dynamic

What type of stretching increases or decreases the joint angle where the muscle crosses, thereby elongating the unit at the end of ROM?

Dynamic

What type of stretching uses activity-specific movements that prepare muscles for a particular sport?

Dynamic

What type of stretching has all movements under control?

Dynamic

What is a system of therapy that uses different techniques designed to promote neuromuscular responses via stimulation of proprioceptive system?

PNF

What uses movements in a diagonal patterns along with an isometric contraction before the stretch?

PNF

What uses volitional contractions to increase ROM by decreasing resistance caused by spinal reflex pathways?

PNF

What is based on the stretch reflex and appears to increase ROM through stimulation of proprioreceptors?

PNF

What pathway are inhibitory sensory receptors located within the musculotendinous junction that signal tension in a muscle?

GTO

What pathway results in self-inhibition (autogenic) and also signal minute changes in muscle tension, providing info about muscle contraction?

GTO

What pathway are excitatory specialized within the muscle that are sensitive to changes in muscle length and maintenance of length?

Muscle spindles

What do muscle spindles do when a muscle is stretched?

Send messages to the spinal cord, which signals the muscle to contract

What is the most classical clinical demonstration of the stretch reflex?

Tapping patellar tendon

What are some disadvantages of PNF?

- More time consuming - Required skilled training to be effective - May lead to complaints of patient discomfort

How long should we hold a static stretch?

15-30 seconds; 3-5 times

What should patients not exceed?

Their pain limits

How many weeks of stretching is needed to demonstrate significant increases in muscular flexibility?

How many times a week should stretching occur to see improvements?

How many times should we stretch to maintain flexibility?

What PNF technique initiates autogenic inhibition while the patient actively moves the limb to end of pain-free motion; isometrically contracts against force applied at end ROM for 5-8 seconds as resistance is slowly increased; patient relaxes; actively stretches limb through new limits of motion?

Hold-relax technique

What PNF technique instructs patient to relax affected muscle while therapist passively moves limb to limit of motion; actively contract restricted muscle (antagonist) against manually applied resistance for 5-8 seconds; relax and move limb passively through new range; hold stretch for 10 sec?

Contract-relax

What PNF technique is a contraction of opposite (agonist) muscles instead of shortened or restricted muscles; limb is taken to point of stretch and applies manual resistance against muscle for 5-8 seconds; relaxed while muscle concentrically contracts; holds new position for 10 seconds?

Contract relax with agonist contraction