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PTA 230 (Ortho) > CH 4: Properties of Connective Tissue > Flashcards

CH 4: Properties of Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What is the amount of movement available to a joint moving within its anatomical range?

A

ROM

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2
Q

What results from shortened muscles that may lead to faulty postural alignment, which may lead to injury and joint dysfunction?

A

Muscular imbalances

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3
Q

What may results from muscular imbalances from shortened muscles?

A

Postural alignment, injury, joint dysfunction

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4
Q

What are the benefits of flexibility and stretching?

A
  • Improves balance
  • Easier to strength and endurance train
  • Injury prevention
  • Quicker recovery from workouts
  • Reduces postexercise soreness
  • Facilitates relaxation
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5
Q

What are the building blocks of protein?

A

Amino acids

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6
Q

What the building blocks of collagen?

A

Tropocollagen

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7
Q

What are made of short subunits (fibrils) and are found in varying amounts within different connective tissues?

A

Collagen

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8
Q

What are types of connective tissues?

A
  • Bone
  • Tendon
  • Muscle
  • Skin
  • Hyaline Cartilage
  • Joint Capsule
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9
Q

What is a protein building block of connective tissue?

A

Collagen

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10
Q

What provides strength needed to withstand high levels of tension and force during movement and exercise?

A

Collagen

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11
Q

What type of collagen is the most abundant in the body?

A

Type I

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12
Q

What type of collagen fibers are thick and have the ability to resist pulling?

A

Type I

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13
Q

What type of collagen fibers display very little elongation when placed under tension?

A

Type I

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14
Q

What type of collagen fibers is thinner an has less tensile strength?

A

Type II

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15
Q

What type of collagen fibers are primarily found in articular cartilage (at end of bones) and nucleus pulposus (vertebral disk)?

A

Type II

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16
Q

What type of collagen fibers serves mainly in structural support capacity?

A

Type III

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17
Q

What type of collagen fibers is found in expansible organs (arteries, liver, lungs)?

A

Type III

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18
Q

What type of collagen fibers is common in fast growing or healing tissue and is often seen at easy stages of wound repair?

A

Type III

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19
Q

What type of collagen fibers replaces type III collagen in wound repair and is tougher?

A

Type I

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20
Q

What is a structural protein present in tendons in amounts of less than 1%?

A

Elastin

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21
Q

What assists collagen in recovery of tissues after stress (initial loading of the tissue)?

A

Elastin

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22
Q

Tissues with greater amounts of elastin typically result in?

A

More flexibility

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23
Q

What is recorded in force/area?

A

Stress/Load

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24
Q

What is directly related to the magnitude of force an inversely related to the unit area but is independent of the amount of material?

A

Stress/Load

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25
Q

What is another name for strain?

A

Deformation

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26
Q

What is usually dimensionless because the units of measure cancel out each other, but units are often provided?

A

Strain/Deformation

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27
Q

What factors affect the relationship of stress/load and strain/deformation?

A
  • Material properties used
  • Magnitude of stresses
  • Rate of stress application
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28
Q

What represents how a slightly pulled tissue (ligament) produces only a small amount of tension within the tissue?

A

Toe region

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29
Q

What indicates that the collagen fibers within the tissue must first be pulled taut before stress can be induced?

A

Toe region

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30
Q

What does the minimal amount of tension in the toe region result in?

A

The slack of tissue being taken up with no stretch being encountered

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31
Q

What represents a linear change in strain which occurs if tissue continues to be pulled at higher stress levels?

A

Elastic region

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32
Q

What is defined as the change in force per unit change in length?

A

Stiffness

33
Q

What occurs when tissues are stiffer?

A

The steeper (more vertical) the slope

34
Q

What are tissues with less stiffness considered?

A

More compliant

35
Q

What is the point where an increasing level of stress on the tissue results in proportionately increased changes in tissue length (result of a microscopic failure of tissue)?

A

Plastic region

36
Q

What region does the slope begin to flatten in the stress-strain relationship?

A

Plastic region

37
Q

What is termed because of tissue damage resulting in permanent deformation (plastic deformation)?

A

Plastic zone

38
Q

What is not recoverable in its entirely when the load is removed resulting in a change in its resting length with the stress-strain relationship?

A

Plastic energy

39
Q

Continued stretch in the plastic region results in?

A

Initial point of failure

40
Q

The toe region can include strains up to?

A

3%

41
Q

The elastic region can include strains up to?

A

6-10%

42
Q

The plastic region can include strains up to?

A

10-15%

43
Q

What part of the stress-strain relationship occurs when a load is applied then returns to normal when the load is removed?

A

Elastic zone

44
Q

What is the intensity of internal force?

A

Stress/load

45
Q

What can be compressive, shear, or tensile?

A

Stress/load

46
Q

What equals the change in length or original length of a tissue?

A

Strain/deformation

47
Q

What is the relative measure of deformation of a body as a result of loading?

A

Strain/deformation

48
Q

What is the stress or strain behavior that is time rate dependent?

A

Viscoelasticity

49
Q

What refers to the ability of a material to return to its original state following strain/deformation (change in length or shape) after a removal of stress/load?

A

Elasticity

50
Q

What term is associated with a rubberband (rapidly conforms to new length and returns to original resting state when stress/load removes)?

A

Elastic deformation

51
Q

What refers to the ability of a material to resist a change in form or to dampen/lessen shearing forces?

A

Viscosity

52
Q

What is equivalent to slow-pouring molasses?

A

Viscosity

53
Q

What has time-dependent properties?

A

Viscoelasticity

54
Q

What stress rate has greater amounts of strain or elongation?

A

Slow

55
Q

What is sensitive to the applied force duration?

A

Viscoelastic materials

56
Q

What type of stress should be applied to gradually lengthen tissues?

A

Constant/repeated stress of long duration

57
Q

What simply means the gradual increase in tissue length that occurs when maintaining a constant stress or force?

A

Creep

58
Q

When are creep changes more pronounced?

A

Slow-velocity stretching

59
Q

What type of deformation favors high-force, short-duration stretching?

A

Elastic tissue deformation

60
Q

What type of deformation favors low-force, long-duration stretching?

A

Plastic tissue deformation

61
Q

What occurs when a longer duration of applied force is applied to the tissue?

A

Greater the deformation or stretching

62
Q

What occurs when a viscoelastic material experiences a constant strain (no deformation occurs)?

A

Stress-relaxation (force-relaxation)

63
Q

What occurs when high initial stress is placed on a tissue decreases over time until equilibrium is reached and stress equals zero resulting in relaxation of tissue; no change in length is produced?

A

Stress-relaxation (force relaxation)

64
Q

What occurs when a muscle is help at a certain length over time, a reduction in stress would occur, but there would be no change in length (no stretch occurs)?

A

Stress-relaxation (force relaxation)

65
Q

What results in a gradual increase in tissue length?

A

Creep

66
Q

What occurs when the longer the duration of the applied force, the greater the deformation or stretching of tissue?

A

Creep

67
Q

What term is associated with a spoon snapping?

A

Plastic deformation

68
Q

What term occurs when a low degree of stress is applied and will slowly deform to accommodate to new shape, but if stress is suddenly applied with great force, it will break?

A

Plastic deformation

69
Q

What is the ability of tissues to return to their previous resting state but does not imply that permanent elongation or microscopic damage has not occurred?

A

Recovery

70
Q

What is force dependent on slow rates of stress and is used to describe permanent change in a tissue?

A

Plastic deformation

71
Q

What is produced with increasing levels of stress?

A

Increase in collagen within ligaments and tendons

72
Q

What occurs by decreasing the level of stress?

A

Weakening connective tissues

73
Q

What is the discrepancy between the mechanical energy used to perform tissue stretch and the energy needed to return the tissue to its original shape?

A

Hysteresis

74
Q

What types of temperature increases rate of creep?

A

High temperatures

75
Q

What is the therapeutic limit of heat?

A

45C (113F)

76
Q

What is the range of temps that increase rate of creep?

A

37-40C (98.6-104F)

77
Q

What occurs to the tissue when it reaches the therapeutic limit?

A

The greater degree of deformation/elongation before tissue failure

78
Q

How do you produce creep with a connective tissue structure with heat?

A

Heat it, use a large load over a long period of time

79
Q

What occurs to connective tissues at high temps?

A

Less microscopic damage under stress

PTA 230 (Ortho) (55 decks)

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