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PTA 230 (Ortho) > CH 4: Flexibility > Flashcards

CH 4: Flexibility Flashcards

1
Q

What is the ability of a muscle to relax and yield to a stretch force?

A

Flexibility

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2
Q

What is the ability to move muscles and joints through full ROM

A

Flexibility

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3
Q

What is the degree of normal ROM available?

A

Flexibility

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4
Q

What can refer to various measurable components of joint motion?

A

Flexibility

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5
Q

What influences the degree of motion in joints?

A
  • Muscles
  • Tendons
  • Ligaments
  • Skin
  • Joint capsule
  • Bone geometry
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6
Q

What diminishes over time if tissues are not stretched or exercised using regular and proper stretching regimens?

A

Flexibility

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7
Q

What is the goal of any flexibility program?

A

Improve or maintain ROM at all joints

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8
Q

What type of flexibility occurs as a result of static stretching?

A

Static flexibility

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9
Q

What relates to moving through ROM with normal or rapid velocity?

A

Dynamic flexibility

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10
Q

Why do we measure flexibility at specific joints?

A

No specific composite test provides an index of an individual’s overall flexibility characteristics

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11
Q

What are factors that affect flexibility and joint ROM limitations?

A
  • Age
  • Gender
  • Muscles
  • Tendons
  • Surrounding fascia
  • Bone
  • Fat
  • Connective tissue lesions
  • Skin
  • Postural problems
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12
Q

What does the loss of muscle function and increase in intramuscular connective tissue stiffness lead to?

A
  • Decreased ROM

- Gradual decline in efficiency of ADL performance

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13
Q

What are the two sensory receptors that monitor muscle activity by activating both spinal reflexes and long-loop pathways involving supraspinal centers?

A

Muscle spindles

-Golgi tendon organs (GTO)

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14
Q

What are distributed through the muscle belly using intrafusal muscle fibers (nuclear bag and chain fibers) to send info to the CNS to monitor overall muscle length and rate of change in muscles?

A

Muscle spindles

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15
Q

What monitors muscle length changes and rate of change in muscles?

A

Muscle spindles

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16
Q

What pathway’s main purpose is to compare the length of the spindle with the length of the muscle that surrounds it?

A

Muscle spindles

17
Q

What pathway can be stimulated by (1) stretching the whole muscle (stretching the midportion of the spindle and exciting the receptor), and (2) by contracting only the end portion of the intrafusal fibers exciting the receptors (muscle length doesn’t change)?

A

Muscle spindles

18
Q

What are muscles innervated by?

A

Alpha motor neurons

19
Q

What are muscle spindles innervated by?

A

Gamma motor neurons

20
Q

What stimulates the contraction of extrafusal fibers?

A

Alpha motor neurons

21
Q

What stimulates the contraction of intrafusal fibers at the end?

A

Gamma motor neurons

22
Q

What contraction serves as a sensitivity meter for changing lengths of the muscle?

A

Intrafusal fibers (muscle spindles)

23
Q

If the length of the muscle surrounding the spindle is less than that of the spindle, what occurs?

A

Decrease in intrafusal fiber afferent activity

24
Q

If the central portion of the intrafusal fiber is stretched secondary to gamma efferent activity, what occurs?

A

Sensory receptors discharge more impulses stimulating the alpha motor neurons to activate the extrafusal muscle fibers to contract

25
Q

How do intrafusal fibers within the muscle spindle activate a muscle contraction?

A

(extrafusal fiber stretch) stimulate primary (Ia) and secondary (II) sensory nerve endings (afferent), sending info to the higher brain centers and to alpha motor neurons of the same muscle

26
Q

What will relieve the stretch on spindles and temporarily remove the stimulus on intrafusal fibers?

A

Shortening of a muscle

27
Q

What will adjust for new muscle length?

A

Gamma motor neuron (efferent) activity

28
Q

What pathway is not a stretch receptor?

A

GTO

29
Q

What pathway is a simple sensory receptor: single afferent (Ib) and no efferent connections?

A

GTO

30
Q

What is the function of the GTO pathway?

A

To monitor muscle contraction

31
Q

What pathway has parallel extrafusal fibers?

A

Muscle spindles

32
Q

What pathway is situated in a series of fibers with the muscle fibers?

A

GTO

33
Q

Where are GTOs commonly located?

A

Grouped around a few extrafusal muscle fibers near the aponeurosis of attachment (very few located in the tendon)

34
Q

What pathway is activated by active muscle contraction?

A

GTO

35
Q

What pathway is deactivated by active muscle contraction?

A

Muscle spindles

36
Q

What pathway can sense muscle tension more directly in an active contraction?

A

GTO

37
Q

What pathway can sense increasing muscle length during an active contraction?

A

Muscle spindles

PTA 230 (Ortho) (55 decks)

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