Ch 39 Oxygenation and perfusion Flashcards
Adventitious
Abnormal breath sounds heard over the lungs
Alveoli
Small air sacs at the end of the terminal bronchioles that are the site of gas exchange 
Angina
A temporary imbalance between the amount of oxygen needed by the heart and the amount delivered to the heart muscles
Arterial blood gas
A diagnostic test examining arterial blood; used to determine the pressure exerted by oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood
Atelectasis
Incomplete expansion or collapse of part of the lungs
Atria
Upper chambers of the heart
Atrioventricular bundle
A bundle of modified heart muscle that transmits the cardiac impulse from the atrialventricular node to the ventricles, causing them to contract
Atrioventricular node AV
A node of specialized heart muscle located in the septal wall of the right atrium; receives impulses from the sinoatrial node and transmits them to the atrioventricular bundle
Bradypena 
Slow rate of breathing
Bronchial
Those heard over the larynx and trachea are high-pitched, harsh blowing sounds, with sound on expiration being longer than inspiration
Bronchodilator
Medication that relaxes contractions of smooth muscles of the bronchioles
Bronchovesicular
Normal breath sounds heard over the main stream bronchus; they are moderate blowing sounds, with inspiration equal to expiration
Capnography
A method to monitor ventilation and, indirectly, blood flow through the lungs
Cardiopulmonary
Relating to the heart and the lungs
Cardiovascular
Relating to the heart and blood vessels
Cilia
Microscopic, hair-like projections that propel mucus toward the upper airway so that it can be expectorated
Crackles
Fine, crackling sounds made as air moves through wet secretions in the lungs
Diffusion
Tendency of solutes to move freely throughout a solvent from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration until. equilibrium is established
Dyspnea
Difficult or labored breathing
Dysrhythmia
An abnormal cardiac rhythm
Electrocardiogram ECG
Graphic record produced by the electrocardiograph
Endotracheal tube
Polyvinyl chloride airway that is inserted through the nose or the mouth into the trachea, using a Laryngoscope as a guide
Expiration
Active breathing out
Hyperventilation
Condition in which there is more than the normal amount of air entering and leaving the lungs
Hypoventilation
Decreased rate or depth of air movement into the lungs
Hypoexmia
Deficient oxidation of blood
Hypoxia
An inadequate amount of oxygen available to the cells
Inspiration
Act of breathing in
Internal respiration
Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the circulating blood and tissue cells
Ischemia
Deficiency of blood in a particular area
Nasal cannula
Disposable, plastic device that delivers oxygen via two protruding prongs for insertion into the nostrils
Oxygenation
The process of providing cells life-sustaining oxygen
Perfusion
Process by which oxygenated blood passes through body tissues
Pulmonary ventilation
Movement of air into and out of the lungs
Pulse oximetry
Noninvasive technique that measures the oxygen saturation of arterial blood
Respiration
Gas exchange between the atmospheric air in the Alveoli and blood in the capillaries
Sinoarterial node SA
A mass of tissue in the upper right atrium, just below the opening of the superior vena cava, that initiates the transmission of electrical impulses, causing contraction of the heart at regular intervals; also known as pacemaker
Spirometer
Instrument used to measure lung capacities in volume; one type is used to encourage deep breathing
Sputum
Respiratory secretion expelled by coughing or clearing the throat
Surfactant 
Detergent like phospholipid that reduces surface tension of the fluid lining the alveoli
Tachypnea
Rapid rate of breathing
Tracheostomy
Artificial opening made in the trachea through which a tracheostomy tube is inserted
Ventricles
Lower chambers of the heart
vesicular
Normal sound of respirations heard on auscultation over peripheral lung areas
Wheezes
Continuous, high pitch squeak or musical sound made as air moves through narrowed or partially obstructed airway passages
Thoracentesis
Procedure of aspirating pleural fluid
Peak expiratory flow rate
Point of highest flow during forced expiration
Spirometry
Measures lung volume and airflow
Forced expiratory volume
Amount of air exhaled at specific time
Residual volume
Amount of air left in lungs at maximum expiration
Total lung capacity
Amount of air contained within the lungs at maximum inspiration
Capnography
This measures the amount of carbon dioxide exhaled with each breath
Tidal volume
Total amount of air inhaled and exhaled in one breath
Vital capacity
Maximum amount of air exhaled after maximum inspiration
Forced vital capacity
Maximum amount of air that can be forcefully exhale after a full inspiration
Antitussives
For non-productive cough
Codeine is an example, codeine turns to morphine in the liver
Not drug of choice for patient with head injury or CNS depression
Contra indicated for a pregnant or lactating women, children under four
Can cause dry mouth

Decongestant
Oral and nasal can cause rebound congestion
Do not use oral longer than one week, nasal no more than five days

Antihistamine
Adverse affects drowsiness, dry mouth, epistaxes i.e. nosebleed and paradoxical excitement
Warn patients not to drive until they know how the medication affects them
Expectorant action
Causes thinning of secretions leading to a more productive cough and dust decreased frequency of coughing. For symptomatic relief of respiratory conditions characterized by dry, nonproductive cough and in the presence of mucus in the respiratory tract
Mucolytics action
Increases or liquefies respiratory secretions to aid the clearing of the airways and high risk respiratory patients who are coughing up thick tenacious secretions also used to protect liver cells from being damaged during episodes of acestaminophen
